Land O. Lakes Marketing Strategy

In business, it is essential for management to understand the role and importance of marketing to his or her organization. Management utilizes marketing tools to satisfy the needs of customers, and to gain a better understanding of the product itself. The goal of this paper is to discuss and analyze the distribution practices of Land O Lakes butter. In review of the distribution practices, I will also attempt to show the importance of knowing and understanding the product you are marketing. Distribution Strategies A distribution strategy is in relation to how a company will distribute the product or services they are offering to the consumer.The distribution of a product is essential to the organization. Making sure the product is at the right place at the right time. If the demand for the product is underestimated, the consumer will not be able to purchase the product, which will affect profits. There are two channels of distribution; indirect and direct. Indirect channels of distri bution involve distributing the product to different outlets before it gets to the retailer or consumer, for example the product is sold to a manufacture, then to a wholesaler, and then on to the retailer.Direct channels of distribution involve shipping the product directly from the manufacturer to the consumer. There are several types of distribution strategies. The most common types are intensive distribution, exclusive distribution, and selective distribution. Intensive distribution is more commonly used to distribute low priced or impulse purchases, for example soft drinks. Exclusive distribution involves limited distribution to a single outlet, for example cars. Selective Distribution is when an organization uses a select and small number of outlets to distribute his or her product.Land O Lakes uses an indirect distribution channel and intensive distribution. Distribution Models A distribution model is the manner in which goods move from the manufacturer to the outlet where the consumer purchases them; in some marketplaces, it's a very complex channel, including distributors, wholesaler, jobbers and brokers (Entrepreneur 2010). A distribution model is needed once you have determined how the product will be distributed. Land O Lakes uses the direct distribution model. he producer (farmer), the wholesaler, and then to the retailer, this is similar to that of the conventional distribution model, however, Land O Lakes owns and operates the manufacturing of the product. Distribution Chain A distribution chain refers to the means used to transfer the product or merchandise from the manufacturer to the end user. Land O Lakes is a cooperative, the coop states that it has about 3200 producer-members, 1000 member-cooperatives, and about 9000 employees who process and distribute products for about 300,000 agricultural producers (Land O Lakes, 2010)JIT (Just in Time) Just in time marketing, also called JIT refers to the manufacturing operations of a company. It is in tended to eliminate the wasteful, non value adding tasks and strives for continuous improvement in productivity (Businessihub, 2010). The JIT philosophy was developed in 1970’s by Taiichi Ohno, of Japan. Ohno, developed his philosophy while working with manufacturing plants of Toyota. The primary goal of JIT is to achieve maximum output on a timely basis. Land O Lakes has a similar program it uses to promote and maintain effectiveness. Push vs. PullPush vs. Pull marketing strategies are two different methods for promoting products and services to consumers. Push and Pull marketing is used to define marketing practices for getting the consumer to purchase a particular product or service. Push marketing refers to putting the product or service out to the end user. This can be done through various advertising, such as cold calling, emailing prospective customers, to using a popular website to promote the product. In retail, an example would be in department stores; a salesperson can push or recommend a particular product.Pull marketing refers to an attempt to get the consumer to come and see what product or service your organization is offering. The consumer is enticed so to speak, by the promotions and advertising being presented. Land O Lakes used the pull method of marketing to promote the new butter spread with olive oil, with a commercial of an Olive painted with cow markings, and created the â€Å"Colive†. The promotion included a free coupon to try the spread. Wheel of Retailing Wheels of retailing is a hypothesis of M. P. McNair that explains the patterns of change in retailing.It is new types of retailers who cut prices by lowering or eliminating customer services, once established, the retailer increases prices and customer services. During this process the retailer becomes vulnerable to the next low priced retailer. Types of Wholesalers The U. S. Bureau of the Census defines wholesalers as: The activities of those persons or establishment s which sell to retailers and other merchants, and or to industrial, institutional, and commercial users, but who do not sell in large amounts to final consumers.It is important for marketing managers to understand the role of the wholesaler. There are ten types of wholesalers. The merchant wholesaler owns the products he or she is selling. The general merchandise wholesalers are service wholesalers who carry a variety of non perishable items, such as hardware, cosmetics, furniture, and apparel. The single line wholesalers are also service wholesalers who carry a smaller line of merchandise than the general wholesaler; this type of wholesaler may just carry one item in particular.The specialty wholesalers are a service wholesaler who carry a narrow range of products, but offers more service and information, such as Vitamin Cottage. The cash and carry wholesalers are the same as the service wholesalers except the customer must pay in cash. The drop shipper wholesaler own the products just like merchant sellers, however they do not handle stock or deliveries, and are mainly focused on selling, this type of wholesaler sells products in bulk and gets product orders from other wholesalers and business users.The Truck wholesaler specializes in delivering products he or she stocks in their own trucks, an example of this type of wholesaler would be Mountain Man Candy. The last three types of wholesalers are Mail order wholesalers, Producers’ Cooperatives, and Rack jobbers (2010). Land O Lakes would be considered a producer’s cooperatives. A producer’s cooperative are wholesalers who operate almost as full service wholesalers, however the profits go to the cooperatives customer members (2010). ConclusionIn conclusion, over the past several years business models and strategies have become more advanced. Distribution is important to any organization, to understand how and when the product will get to the consumer. Efficiency is the key. When deciding how to distribute the product to the end user, the marketing manager has to take all aspects of the distribution process into consideration, as well as what the consumer wants. After all, the customer is the one to please, if you want the product to sell.

Karachi Shares Innumerable Secrets English Literature Essay

Contrariwise to an foreigner of Karachi, the metropolis remains elusive, even if it welcomes them. But for those Karachiites who has moved someplace else, even many old ages after their visit, the lone thing I can state with certainty is that Karachi stays on you, the metropolis keeps oozing in from underneath tightly shut doors in memory. â€Å" It ‘s a dead metropolis † If Karachiites who go to other fellow metropoliss do n't express these cliched discourses about the topographic point, so they likely are non Karachiites to the bosom. The above is merely what I said when I had to see a adjacent metropolis with my household, though it was for merely a twosome of hebdomads. â€Å" It ‘s non deserving life in † would be the treatment my brother and I would hold clip and once more. The fact that the roads were about empty after 11pm, the stores would shut early and that people were a small excessively insouciant was intolerable for us. Even the most beautiful love narrative of my life began, many old ages ago in the early 70aˆ?s, here in this metropolis of visible radiations. It was a meeting of two disparate psyches, their waies everlastingly altered by a opportunity brush. My Ma and Dad met in Karachi a twenty-four hours before my male parent was to return to his household in other metropolis. Small did he cognize that a adult female, who introduced herself as proprietor of the biggest film in Karachi, would go forth such an impact. What happened in those minutes will everlastingly stay a romantic enigma, as it should. When I was still really small my parents used to take me to the sea shore of the metropolis ; I do n't retrieve much about it, I was likely excessively immature, but one thing I do retrieve is their love for the sea conveying into me. I remember how puzzling and absorbing each and every moving ridge seemed to me back so and how strongly it affected my sense of esthetics. And now, after rather many old ages, one twenty-four hours I stopped at a seaboard eating house with friends. Lights shone all across the H2O that seaports those eating houses. We spent rather some clip seeking to capture it in exposure, but there is something to such scenes that can non be caged inside pels. That portion of the Arabian Sea was so pass oning at that minute. All I could believe at that really minute was how anyone could bear populating right following to something so powerful, so beautiful. How were people non driven into craze by the sea as it crashed infinitely on the shore? Or possibly they were. It was so when I began to remember how my gramps used to state me about our favourite metropolis. He often used to advert that in the initial yearss after divider, Karachi was a beacon of hope and chance for migrators who came from far and broad. He frequently expressed that Karachi was one time a metropolis of dreams where everybody, irrespective of race, colour or credo had the chance of prosperity and success and an upward societal mobility through doggedness and difficult work. Whoever you were and wherever you came from in chase of your dreams, you were received thirstily by this magnificent and truly metropolitan metropolis. His earliest flashes of memory were of a beautiful metropolis by flaxen beaches, A a metropolis which ne'er went to kip and seemed to throb round the clock, unlike any other urban centre in the state. Its sea breeze-cooled-evenings, scented by raat qi ranee, were the material of poesy. Its famed dark life was non merely for the rich but was accessible to the in-between category excessively, my Grandfather articulated. Yes, any bustling city in the Third World wo n't be without its portion of the destitute. But Karachi someway managed to turn up the hapless in its embracing. Rarely did anyone slumber hungry. Karachi was the state ‘s amusement capital ; I could experience my gramps ‘s enriched tone while he revealed this. The metropolis had over five 100 film ; over three twelve dark nines, legion bars, a good maintained race class and what are still possibly some of the finest natural beaches in the part. Other favourite musca volitanss were the Kemari fishing seaport. It was in the seventiess that the metropolis ‘s celebrated crabbing scene was first urbanised in Kemari. By the late sixtiess touristry as an industry in Karachi was booming, so much so that in 1972 the authorities created the state ‘s first dedicated touristry ministry and section, with their chief offices situated in Karachi. He used to note those chai khanas and restaurants from good old yearss. Cafes appeared ordinary yet ask foring from outside but this was non the lone instance one time you enter. You could instantly connect with those topographic points. Tiny chairs, white topped tabular arraies, polite servers, little teapots and a nostalgic show of cutter. Particular reference among all those coffeehouse was the 1 at Lasbella. He specified that this peculiar cafe was the hub of all the authors and poets of that clip. Coffee house at M.A. Jinnah route and P.I.D.C ‘s paan was my gramps and his friend ‘s favourite and a must travel on every dark out. Social Life was reasonably fast, and I believe it still is. In Karachi there is a blend of civilization from all the states of PakistanA which makes it particular. Peoples in Karachi love to observe events, puting aside all the differences in dramatis personae and colour. Karachi was a great topographic point to convey up one ‘s kids, my Grandfather expounded. Peoples loved the old ropeway that trundled along from Empress Market to Kemari from where they would so skip into a sailing boat that took them to the attractive picnic musca volitanss of Sandspit and Hawksbay. There were n't many autos but one still caught an infrequent glance of them howling down Victoria Road. Chevrolet was the male monarch during the 1950ss and 1960ss, right up to the early 1970ss, the Chevy Belairs and so the Impalas were the most popular of all autos. Those were the yearss when no citizen of this province of all time thought of migrating to Britain or United States. Men, adult females and kids could walk the streets of the metropolis boulder clay tardily at dark and no 1 would trouble oneself them, my gramps told me. In fact, what he missed most about the Karachi of the late '50s and early '60s was the spirit of tolerance, secularism and open-mindedness that existed. There was besides decency and graciousness. I, myself have frequently felt that large metropoliss, with their tall edifices and short piques, are all likewise at some degree. However, this metropolis will retain one quality, a certain facet of character, that will be entirely its ain. I recognize this in the about hallucinating passion the people of Karachi seem to hold for their metropolis, in the manner their love seems to turn in times of bad luck. Karachi is known informally as the metropolis of visible radiations. But fast frontward to several decennaries subsequently, now Karachi has aged enormously. It is no longer considered a starry-eyed kid nurtured by finding. There are Sindhi, Balochi, Punjabi and Pakhtoon. All political parties own them all, talk about them and they are still on their docket. But whenever their militants are killed, they hijack their place metropolis, shuting all roads. They leave us Karachiites stranded by prehending the gasoline pumps, and shut down markets turning a deaf ear to our cries of wretchedness. And yet, Karachiites keep walking, with bruised articulatio genuss and scraped mortise joints, loving their metropolis more and more every twenty-four hours. I do cognize, nevertheless, the little enviousness of person ( read: me ) who has non owned a metropolis in such an unconditioned manner. It ‘s a common head set of people that we invariably think what ‘s incorrect with our country/city but we ne'er try and appreciate what we are blessed with. Why this metropolis is so unloved by some when it embraces wholly? If merely for a alteration we healed Karachi with the energy with which we plunder it. As Bertrand Russell says: ‘The route, I fear, is long. But that is no ground for losing sight of the ultimate hope. ‘ Karachi, as I see it, is the forefront metropolis, economic hub and the individuality of Pakistan. All good old movables of the metropolis, about which my gramps had told me, I believe their kernel is still the same. And I am certain that I have every bit much good memories of the Karachi metropolis, as my Grandfather had. Hopefully when I would convey the following coevals about my darling metropolis, with a small spot of finding they are traveling to be proud on being a Karachiitie, as much proud as I am.By: Dr. Sana Akhtar

Night World : Witchlight Chapter 10

The car coming. Iliana screaming. And the feeling of absolute helplessness- Glass shattered. Keller didn't understand at first. She thought that Iliana was trying to break the window and get Jaime's attention. But the window was safety glass, and what broke was the beaker in Diana's hand. Blood spurted, shockingly red and liquid. And Iliana kept squeezing the broken glass in her hand, making more and more blood run. Her small face was fixed and rigid, her lips slightly parted, her breath held, her whole expression one of complete concentration. She was calling the blue fire. Keller lost her own breath. She's doing it! I'm going to see a Wild Power. Right here, right beside me, it's happening! She wrenched her own gaze back to the car. She was going to see those tons of metal come to a stop just as the BART train on the video had. Or maybe Iliana would just deflect the car in its course, send it into the grassy island in the middle of the driveway. In any case, she can hardly deny that she's the Wild Power now- It was then that Keller realized the car wasn't stopping. It wasn't working. She heard Iliana make a desperate sound beside her. There was no time for anything more. The car was on top of Jaime, swinging up onto the curb. Keller's heart lurched. And something streaked out behind Jaime, hitting her from behind. It knocked her flying toward the grassy island. Out of the path of the car. Keller knew who it was even before her eyes could focus on the dark golden hair and long legs. The car braked and screeched and swerved-but Keller couldn't tell if it had hit him. It went skidding, half on and half off the sidewalk. Then it corrected its course and roared along the driveway, speeding away. Nissa came dashing out of the door below and stood for an instant, taking in the scene. Above, Keller was still frozen. She and Iliana were both as motionless as statues. Then Iliana made a little noise and whirled around. She was off and running before Keller could catch her. She shot past Winnie, leaving a trail of flying red droplets. â€Å"Come on!† Keller yelled. They both went after her. But it was like chasing a sunbeam. Keller had had no idea the little thing could run like that. They were right behind her all the way down the stairs and out the door. It was where Keller wanted to be, anyway. There were two figures lying on the pavement. They were both very still. Keller's heart was beating hard enough to break through her chest. Amazing how, even after seeing so much in her life, she could still have the desperate impulse to shut her eyes. For the first moment, as her gaze raked over Galen's body, she wasn't sure if she could see blood or not. Everything was pulsing with dark spots, and her brain didn't seem able to put any kind of coherent picture together. Then he moved. The stiff, wincing motion of somebody injured, but not injured badly. He lifted his head, pushed himself up on one elbow, and looked around. Keller stared at him wordlessly. Then she made her voice obey her. â€Å"Did it hit you?† â€Å"Just glanced off me.† He got his legs under him. â€Å"I'm fine. But what about-^-â€Å" They both looked at Jaime. â€Å"Goddess!† Galen's voice was filled with horror. He scrambled up and took a limping step before falling to his knees. Even Keller felt shock sweep over her before she realized what was going on. At first glance, it looked like a tragedy. Diana was holding Jaime, cradling her in her arms, and there was blood everywhere. All over the front of Diana's sweater, all over Jaime's white shirt. It just showed up better on Jaime. But it was Diana's blood, still flowing from her cut hand. Jaime was blinking and lifting a hand to her forehead in bewilderment. Her color was good, and her breathing sounded clear if fast. â€Å"That car-those people were crazy. They were going to hit me.† I'm sorry,† Diana said. â€Å"I'm so sorry; I'm so sorry†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She was so beautiful that Keller's heart seemed to stop. Her fine skin seemed almost translucent in the cool afternoon light. That glorious hair was rippling in the wind behind her, every single strand light as air and moving independently. And her expression†¦ She was bending over Jaime so tenderly, tears Ming like diamonds. Her grief-it was complete, Keller thought. As if Jaime were her own dearest sister. She cared in a way that went beyond sympathy and beyond compassion and into something like perfect love. It†¦ transformed her. She wasn't a light-minded child anymore. She was almost†¦ angelic. All at once, Keller understood why everybody at school brought their problems to this girl. It was because of that caring, that love. Diana didn't help them to make herself popular. She helped because her heart was open, without shields, without the normal barriers that separated people from one another. And she was as brave as a little lion. She hadn't even hesitated when she saw Jaime in danger. She was afraid of blood, but she'd cut herself instantly, even recklessly, trying to help. That was courage, Keller thought. Not doing something without being afraid, but doing something even though you were afraid. In that moment, all of Keller's resentment of Diana melted away. All her anger and exasperation and contempt. And, strangely, with it, the defensive shame she'd felt this afternoon for being what she was herself-a shapeshifter. It didn't make sense. There was no connection. But there it was. The flat but strangely pleasant voice of Jaime was going on. â€Å"I'm okay-it was just a shock. Stop crying now. Somebody pushed me out of the way.† Diana looked up at Galen. She was still crying, and her eyes were the color of violet crystal. Galen was kneeling on one knee, looking down worriedly at Jaime. Their eyes met, and they both went still. Except for the wind ruffling Iliana's hair, they might have been a painting. A scene from one of the Old Masters, Keller thought. The boy with dark golden hair and that perfectly sculptured face, looking down with protective concern. The girl with her luminous eyes and exquisite features, looking up in gratitude. It was a sweet and lovely picture. It was also the exact moment that Iliana fell in love with Galen. And Keller knew it. She knew before Iliana knew herself. She saw a sort of plaintive shimmer in Iliana's eyes, like more tears about to fall. And then she saw the change in Iliana's face. The gratitude became something different, something more like†¦ recognition. It was as if Iliana were discovering Galen all at once, seeing everything in him that Keller had been slowly learning to see. They're both†¦ Keller wanted to think idiots, but the word wouldn't come. All she ended up with was the same. Both of them. Idealists. Open-hearted. Trying to rescue everyone. They're perfect for each other. â€Å"You saved her life,† Iliana whispered. â€Å"But you could have been killed yourself.† â€Å"It just happened,† Galen said. â€Å"I moved without thinking. But you-you're really bleeding†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Iliana looked soberly down at her hand. It was the only thing that marred the picture; it was gory and shocking. But Iliana's gaze wasn't frightened. Instead, she looked wise beyond her years and infinitely sad. â€Å"I†¦ couldn't help,† she said. Keller opened her mouth. But before she could say anything, Nissa appeared beside Iliana. â€Å"Here,† she said in her practical way, loosening the carefully knotted scarf at her throat. â€Å"Let me tie it up until we can see if you need stitches.† She glanced up at Keller. â€Å"I got the license plate of the car.† Keller blinked and refocused. Her brain started ticking again. â€Å"Both of you, go get the car,† she said to Nissa and Winnie. â€Å"Ill finish that.† She took Nissa's place by Iliana. â€Å"Are you really all right?† she asked Jaime, careful to face her directly. â€Å"I think we need to take all three of you to the hospital.† Part of her expected to see a flinching as the dark blue eyes under the soft brown bangs met hers. But, of course, there wasn't any. Nissa's memory blanking had been too good. Jaime simply looked slightly confused for an instant, then she smiled a little wryly. â€Å"I'm really okay.† â€Å"Even so,† Keller said. There was a crowd gathering. Students and teachers were running from various corners of the building, coming to see what the noise was about. Keller realized that it had actually been only a couple of minutes since the car had gone roaring and screeching along the sidewalk. A few minutes†¦ but the world had changed. In several ways. â€Å"Come on,† she said, and helped Jaime up. She let Galen help Iliana. And she felt strangely calm and peaceful. Galen turned out to have several pulled muscles and lots of scrapes and bruises. Jaime had bruises and a dizzy headache and double vision, which got her actually admitted to the hospital-hardly surprising, considering how many times she'd been knocked down that day, Keller thought. Iliana needed stitches. She submitted to them quietly, which only seemed to alarm her mother. Mrs. Dominick had been called from home to the hospital. She sat with the baby in her lap and listened to Keller try to explain how Iliana had gotten cut while standing at the chemistry room window. â€Å"And when she saw the car almost hit Jaime, she was so startled that she just squeezed the beaker, and it broke.† Diana's mother looked doubtful for a moment, but it wasn't her nature to be suspicious. She nodded, accepting the story. Jaime's parents had been called to the hospital, too, and both Galen and Jaime had to give statements to the police. Nissa flashed Keller a glance when the policewoman asked if anyone had noticed the car's license plate. Keller nodded. She had already had Nissa call the number in to Circle Daybreak from a pay phone, but there was no reason not to have the police on the case, too. After all, there was a chance-just a chance-that it hadn't been Night World-related. Not much of a chance, though. Circle Daybreak agents would follow Jaime and her family after this, watching from the shadows and ready to act if the Night World showed up again. It was a standard precaution. Both Mr. and Ms. Ashton-Hughes, Jaime's parents, came down from Jaime's floor to speak to Galen in the emergency room. â€Å"You saved our daughter,† her mother said. â€Å"We don't know how to thank you.† Galen shook his head. â€Å"Really, it just happened. I mean, anybody would have done it.† Ms. Ashton-Hughes smiled slightly and shook her head in turn. Then she looked at Iliana. â€Å"Jaime says she hopes your hand heals quickly. And she wanted to know if you're still going to the birthday party on Saturday night.† â€Å"Oh-† For a moment, Iliana looked bewildered, as if she'd forgotten about the party. Then she brightened. â€Å"Yeah, tell her that I am. Is she still going?† â€Å"I think so. The doctor said she can go home tomorrow, as long as she keeps quiet for a few days. And she said she wasn't going to miss it even if her head fell off.† Iliana smiled. It was well into the evening by the time they all got home. Everyone was tired, even the baby-and Iliana was asleep. Mr. Dominick came hurrying out of the house. He was a medium-sized man with dark hair and glasses, and he looked very anxious. He came around to the backseat as Hiana's mother filled him in on the situation. But it was Galen who carried Iliana inside. She didn't wake up. Hardly surprising. The doctor had given her something for the pain, and Keller knew that she hadn't had much sleep the night before. She lay in Galen's arms like a trusting child, her face turned against his shoulder. They looked†¦ very good together, Keller thought. They looked right. Winnie and Nissa hurried upstairs and turned down Diana's sheets. Galen gently lowered her to the bed. He stood looking down at her. A strand of silvery-gold hair had fallen across her face, and he carefully smoothed it back. That single gesture told Keller more than anything else could have. He understands, she thought. It's like that moment when she looked at him and discovered all at once that he's brave and gentle and caring. He understands that she cut herself to try and save Jaime, and that people love her because she loves them so much first. And that she couldn't be petty or spiteful if she tried, and that she's probably never wished another person harm in her life. He sees all that in her now. Mrs. Dominick came in just then to help get Iliana undressed. Galen, of course, went out. Keller gestured for Winnie and Nissa to stay, and followed him. This time, she was the one who said, â€Å"Can I talk with you?† They slipped into the library again, and Keller shut the door. With everything that was going on in the house, she didn't think anyone would notice. Then she faced him. She hadn't bothered to turn on the lights. There was some illumination from the window but not much. It didn't really matter. Shapeshifter eyes were good in the dark, and Keller was just as glad he couldn't study her face. She could see enough of his as he stood by the window. The light picked up the edge of his golden head, and she could see that his expression was troubled and a little uncertain. â€Å"Keller-† he began. Keller held up a hand to cut him off. â€Å"Wait. Galen, first I want to tell you that you don't owe me an explanation.† She took a breath. â€Å"Look, Galen, what happened this morning was a mistake. And I think we both realize that now.† â€Å"Keller†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"I shouldn't have gotten so upset at you about it. But that's not the point. The point is that things have worked out.† He looked bleak suddenly. â€Å"Have they?† â€Å"Yes,† Keller said firmly. â€Å"And you don't need to try and pretend otherwise. You care about her. She cares about you. Are you going to try and deny that?† Galen turned toward the window. He looked more than bleak now; he looked terribly depressed. â€Å"I do care about her,† he said slowly. â€Å"I won't deny it. But-â€Å" â€Å"But nothing! It's good, Galen. It's what was meant to be, and it's what we came here for. Right?† He shifted miserably. â€Å"I guess so. But Keller-â€Å" â€Å"And it may just possibly save the world,† Keller said flatly. There was a long silence. Galen's head was down. â€Å"We've got a chance now,† Keller said. ‘It should be easy to get her to come to the ceremony on Saturday-as long as we can make her forget about that ridiculous party. I'm not saying use her feelings against her. I'm just saying go with it. She should want to be promised to you.† Galen didn't say anything. â€Å"And that's all. That's what I wanted to tell you. And also that if you're going to act stupid and guilty because of something that was†¦ a few minutes of silliness, a mistake-well, then, I'm not going to talk to you ever again.† His head came up. â€Å"You think it was a mistake?† â€Å"Yes. Absolutely.† In one motion, he turned around and took her by the shoulders. His fingers tightened, and he stared at her face as if he were trying to see her eyes. â€Å"And that's what you really think?† â€Å"Galen, will you please stop worrying about my feelings?† She shrugged out of his grip, still facing him squarely. Tm fine. Things have worked out just the way they should. And that's all we ever need to say about it.† He let out a long breath and turned toward the window again. Keller couldn't tell if the sigh was relief or something else. â€Å"Just make sure she comes to the ceremony. Not that it should be difficult,† she said. There was another silence. Keller tried to read his emotions through his stance and failed completely. â€Å"Can you do that?† she prompted at last. â€Å"Yes. I can do it. I can try.† And that was all he said. Keller turned to the door. Then she turned back. â€Å"Thank you,† she said softly. But what she really meant was Good-bye, and she knew he knew it. For a long moment, she thought he wouldn't answer. At last, he said, â€Å"Thank you, Keller.† Keller didn't know what for, and she didn't want to think about it right now. She turned and slipped out of the room.

Comparing Gateway NV55SO5U Performance To Apple MacBook Pro Essay

Comparing Gateway NV55SO5U Performance To Apple MacBook Pro - Essay Example The video range is also weak and is probably limited to only two individuals pressing their inner shoulders together. That is not exactly an impressive display. Its battery life is not also ideal which can only last for an average user to only up to 4.5 hours. If you multi-task and so some burning and music, that battery life will be reduced more. It also runs only on unsophisticated Windows 7 Home Premium which is susceptible to the contracting virus. Comparing Gateway NV55SO5U performance to Apple MacBook Pro is no contest. Perhaps the only category that the Gateway NV55SO5U can claim as an advantage compared to MacBook Pro is price because MacBooks price starts at $1,000. It may a lot more expensive than a $629.99 Gateway NV55SO5U but the price difference is far more compensated by performance and design. When it comes to performance, you can play anything simultaneously with a MacBook without its system freezing while video rendering and 3D MMO gaming simultaneously will probably freeze the system of Gateway NV55SO5U. It is also made of very strong and rigid unibody chassis that is machined out a solid block of aluminum. That means that your MacBook is as sturdy and as durable as a rock compared to a plastic frame of Gateway NV55SO5U. Above all, MacBook Pro uses OS X which is immune to viruses. You will be free from the anxiety and actual threat of a virus that could disrupt and destroy your work. This is important because the safety and security of your data could costs a lot more than $400 price difference. MacBook Pro’s battery life also lasts almost twice longer compared to Gateway NV55SO5U (8 hours). The approach of this essay is just to compare and contrast the weakness of Gateway NV55SO5U compared to MacBook Pro. I identified two major weaknesses of Gateway NV55SO5U which are the strengths of MacBook Pro.

Let's Start Paying College Athletes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Let's Start Paying College Athletes - Essay Example This paper focuses on outlining the colleges should start paying students who participate in sports and the underlying issues within college sports. The author states that National College Athletics Association (N.C.A.A.) is a national college organization that oversees the activities of national athletics in colleges and universities. The reason for the author to mention about N.C.A.A is to emphasize on the fact that the organization is responsible for college sports affairs.N.C.A.A regulates and controls the activities of college and university sports. It is also a non-profit making organization and its main role is to oversee the events involved in college and university sports. Mark Emmert is the president of N.C.A.A. and he is the overall leader and overseer of the college sports in America. He is mentioned by the author due to his contribution in sport. He opposes the issue of paying players significant salaries stating that it would change players to be employees of colleges and universities. He regards himself as a reformer and is known to make some changes in the organization since he became the president of the organization. He is described as a former president of University of Washington (Nocera 1). Emmert claims that students should not be paid since this would act as a way of making students subcontractors for their universities. This would make them employees of universities and the college would not even be interested in their grades but their performance in the sport. He also claims that paying students for their participation in sport would kill college athletics because the involved students would engage in various behaviors due to the payments they get.The author outlines this fact to show how N.C.A.A. is opposed to the idea of paying the players. When the author states about the â€Å"hypocrisy†, he is mainly referring to the action of N.C.A.A. where the organization engages in various

Strategies for Change Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Strategies for Change Management - Essay Example The fourth explanation defines change management as a control mechanism. (Nickols (2008)) Fred Nickels states that change management is a process that involves moving from one state to another. Change management occurs in three strategies namely the unfreezing stage, the changing stage and the refreezing stage. (Nickols (2008)) For the core units the individuals will have the how questions, for the perimeter units individuals will have the and how questions, for the buffer units individuals will have what questions and finally for top managers they will have what questions. (Nickols (2008)) In an organization there exist resistance to change; the degree of resistance will depend on the number of individuals in the organization, political issues in the organization and whether the organization depends on the people. If the degree of resistance is high then the power coercive strategy or those environmental adaptive strategies are the most appropriate strategy and if resistance is low then the other strategies are appropriate. (Nickols (2008)) Time available to implement change will influence decisions, when time is limited then the power coercive strategy is the moist appropriate but if time is abundant than the other strategies can be applied. (Nickols (2008)) The availability of experts in the organization will also affect choice, where an organization has limited number of experts then the power coercive strategy is the most appropriate but if there are experts then the other strategies can be used. (Nickols (2008)) A business opportunity with high anticipated returns will require the use of all four strategies given that the main purpose of the organization is to generate income and therefore the organization should by all means implement change. (Nickols (2008)) If in an organization the organization depends on

Critical Thinking Question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Critical Thinking Question - Essay Example The modern societies particularly lay stress upon regular medical check-ups and professional medical counselling for the masses; however, the families sometimes develop their personal health goals, in the light of the experiences of senior family members, as well as according to the counselling they have obtained from the medical advisors in past. However, the most important step towards determination of family health goals is hiring the services of a qualified professional nurse, which can provide a comprehensive fitness scheme for the adequate healthcare of the family. Thus, acting upon the wise counselling and professional schemes of the nurses serves as the best way to maintain health and fitness of the entire family. Since nurses are the qualified medical attendants, their prudent guidance regarding diet and exercise, keep the family away from illness. Nursing is a highly significant profession, and the nurses pay their duties in a systematic manner to resolve the issues related to healthcare. They put aside their own comforts and forget about their individual needs for the cause of others; it is therefore family healthcare is a far cry without seeking help from the nurses. â€Å"Nursing is a demanding profession that requires dedication. Nursing is not a 9 to 5 job because sometimes, you may be assigned to work the graveyard shift or extend beyond 8 hours of work especially when there are a lot of patients to attend to.† (Quoted in lifeinfozone.com) Hence, role of the nurses is vital in keeping the society in proper working. Consequently, almost all American and European families have obtained their services for children, adults and elderly alike. â€Å"The purpose and the reason for the nurse’s contact with the family guides the initial information collected about pertinent areas of family functioning. Initial information shared by the family will help guide the nurse in determining what other data to collect.† (Lundy & Janes, 2009: 752) It is also a reality that some families regard the advices made by the nurses as undue interference in their personal life. They are of the view that since nurses are unaware of the family diseases and inherited illness, they are unable to provide a wise counselling. Hence, instead of curing the individuals, they may make the case more complicated and serious. They act upon the advice of their heart and start taking diet and exercises of their own choice. Not only this that they do not consult medical specialists regarding diet etc, but also they get involved into self medication policy, which serious damages their heart, stomach and kidneys even, turning them frail and flimsy. â€Å"There are many people who are facing a wide variety of stresses, discouragements, disappointments and other events and situations that take an emotional toll on their lives. Sadly, many people feel there isn’t much they can do to help themselves, their loved ones or their business associate s who are having a tough time. Or, they feel that medication is the only answer.† (evancarmichael.com) Hence, they become victim of the drug addiction. Consequently, regular medical check-ups by professionals is inevitable for the maintenance of life. One of the most initial steps taken towards the establishing of personal health goals is applying of regular medical c

Latin American Politics - Effect of multiparty system in Colombia Essay

Latin American Politics - Effect of multiparty system in Colombia - Essay Example It also involves the distribution of power as well as resources in the most efficient manner at large for greater effectiveness. It will be crucial if politics or the approaches involved in it differ on the basis of nations and its various regions. The nation of Colombia follows diversified a governance approach, which will be crucial to obtain a comprehensive understanding. In this particular research study, focus has been levied on comprehending the prospect of multiparty system in Colombia. To what extent does multiparty system’s existence affect and contribute to political issues such as democracy and political violence in Colombia? The article intends to determine the impact of the transformations of multiparty system to democracy with a specific focus on Colombia. The main argument is that the multiparty system has aided in the development and growth of democracy in Colombia but it has also resulted into political instability marked by violence and deteriorating democracy. The political change that has been witnessed in Colombia with the transformation from a two party state to a multiparty state has yielded differences with regard to the democracy of the nation at large. It has been observed there are various prevailing studies that are centered towards understanding the relationship amid multiparty state with regard to the general political changes occurring. However, this particular research paper levies considerable attention on determining as well as ana lyzing the relationship between multiparty system and democracy of the nation i.e. Colombia. In addition to the same, the research study will also focus upon comprehending assumption that multiparty system certainly has negative influence on the democratic structure of a particular nation with due regard to the one, prevailing in Colombia1. Notably, though Colombia has remained relatively silent on global or

Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Culture - Essay Example Observing the night skies could have also been used by the ancient Chinese as a guide like how travellers depend on the North Star. Earliest records of stars were found carved on bones and shells. One very significant record made by ancient Chinese astronomers was that of a solar eclipse in 2136 BC, the first human record of a solar eclipse in the world found encrypted on a bone. In 2006, a stone carving of what is believed to be the Big Dipper was found by Wu Jiaca in Inner Mongolia and is predicted to have been carved in 4000 BC. The position of the carving was on the north side of the stone, pointing to the direction of the said constellation. Carvings and maps of the stars by ancient Chinese astronomers were found by some European at Dunhuang, a major resting place before travelling into the western deserts. It was speculated that the maps were used by the travellers to guide them along the Silk Road. The maps dated to 700 AD and contain 1,350 stars arranged in the manner on how one sees the horizon. The oldest star map known in Chinese history dates back to the Warring States Period (403-211 BC). It was made by Shi Shen and was already been missing. Other maps were at the Ancient Beijing Observatory and the International Dunhuang Project of the British Library. The long years of watching the moon, stars and the sun by the ancient Chinese astronomers led to the birth of the Chinese calendar. Observation of the sun, the moon and the stars is very important in predicting the reoccurrence of an event. The first Chinese calendar was said to be lunisolar or based on both the lunar and the solar cycles. The Huangdi Li, Zhuanxu Li, Xia Li, Yin Li, Zhou Li, and Lu Li were some of the earliest formal calendars accepted. There was an estimated 102 Chinese calendars that have been developed and revised from the Xia dynasty (2070-1600 BC) to the Qing Dynasty (1645-1911) until finally the Chinese

Global citizenship is an idea whose time has finally come Discuss Essay

Global citizenship is an idea whose time has finally come Discuss - Essay Example It also aims at studying the underlying assumptions and ideology behind the two concepts supported by evidences. The Idea of Global Citizenship In recent times the idea of global citizenship in its various forms is fast gaining momentum all around the globe. It is inspiring youngsters to grow into global citizens; it requires them to be morally responsible, intellectually competent and culturally perceptive to diverse cultures. The trend for global citizenship started with social movements like eradication of poverty, labor rights, environmental protection etc. These organizations claim that they work for the welfare of humanity by ensuring social justice and democratic accountability in the world economy. These organizations claim the global citizenship and hence welfare for the humanity (Giddens, 2010). Global corporations also are working for the propagation of concept of global citizenship by projecting socially responsible public image through their corporate social responsibili ty (CSR) activities. The concept of global citizenship has also seeped into the kind of human capital. The graduates of prestigious universities not only study but also work in global organizations different from their country of origin and have contacts literally all over the world. Such human capital also claims to be global citizens. Global citizenship is not a new phenomenon but it dates back to ancient Greece history. It is reflected in the fact that the word â€Å"Cosmopolitan† is a composite of Greek words for â€Å"order†, â€Å"universe† and â€Å"citizen†. In fact the idea of global citizenship is older than the concept of nationalism. This concept of global citizenship can be attributed to the growing public awareness about the global interdependence. However opponents of this theory which constitutes the intellectuals and political agents discard it as an impractical theory. They claim the concept of global citizenship is not possible in the a bsence of international or global governing bodies and global governments. The proponents of national government find global citizenship especially weak in the realm of politics, political science and legal issues where nationalism plays a vital role (Schattle, 2008). On the wake of global platform for digital communication and the interdependency of world the concept of global citizenship may flourish in other ways in educational institutions, global corporations and social organizations for humanity etc. Globalization and Citizenship Globalization and migration is seen as major threat or challenge to identity, belonging, humanitarian laws and human rights. As the world is becoming more global and open, the need for the protection of citizenship is growing. The major threats to citizenship are political threats, immigration or international migration and mobility, the growing trend of intolerance and religious fundamentalism and the endangered environmental and social security. The re is a trend of restructuring of welfare system to match the changes in demographics. The

Managing and Working in a Virtual team Case Study

Managing and Working in a Virtual team - Case Study Example gain and maintain the trust of his or her charges, they must understand that trust depends on reliability, in virtual relations because there is usually limited personal interaction between members of a team. This eliminates chances of meeting and evaluating an individual’s potential or level of reliability. The only means to achieve this is to make sure that, as a team leader, you show team members that you are a reliable person by delivering on your responsibilities in time and in a competent manner, which serves as an example to the rest of the team. This will demonstrate to the members the level of quality of work expected of them, and this makes the team members respect and trust their virtual team leader (Lepsinger & DeRosa, 2010). Team leaders should establish guidelines in communication, which account for the differences in time zones, cultural and geographical variations between members. They can also specify the type of medium to be used when communicating to help av oid incompatibility and confusion when a meeting is about to begin. When considering how to enhance communication efficiency in a virtual team, a leader can consider creating team agreements on how and when to communicate across different time zones, team leader visits to the different members which helps establish engagements and trust by meeting the team leader face to face. A leader in a globally diversified team should formalize roles and duties of each team member starting with their own because this is the only way to ensure that the members have a clearly defined direction, which removes ambiguity in the roles that each member plays (Lepsinger & DeRosa, 2010). Staff changes on a virtual team can happen at any stage in the execution of a project, and how fast and effectively a new member is recruited and integrated into the team determines the successful completion of the project (Lepsinger & DeRosa, 2010). Integrating a new member, in the team, requires that the individual be

Of Mice and Men Chapter Summary Essay Example for Free

Of Mice and Men Chapter Summary Essay Chapter One Two itinerant workers, George and Lennie, are introduced. They rest in a small clearing by the Salinas River, on their way to a nearby ranch where they expect to sign on for work. They have hurriedly left the last ranch, following an incident involving Lennie in Weed. Lennie pleads with George to tell him over and over again about their dream ranch, where Lennie’s main task will be to tend the rabbits. Lennie’s Aunt Clara, whom he refers to as â€Å"that Lady†, is briefly introduced to the novel, as is Lennie’s love of petting mice. Key Points: †¢ Introduction of George and Lennie – character descriptions (p.19-20) †¢ We first hear about the American Dream (p. 31-33) †¢ First hints of what happened in Weed (p.24, 29) Chapter Two The next day George and Lennie arrive at the ranch and go to the bunk house, where they meet most of the other main characters in the novel: Candy, an old â€Å"swamper† with only one hand; Curley, the boss’s son; the boss, who is suspicious that George will not let Lennie speak for himself; Curley’s â€Å"purty† young wife, who flirts with the other men; Slim, the top ranch hand who is respected by all the other ranch hands; and Carlson, another of the established hands. Slim is friendly towards George and Lennie. His bitch dog has recently given birth to pups and begs George to ask him if he will give one to Lennie as a pet. Key Points: †¢ Introduction of the other characters (and mention of Crooks, the stable buck) – character descriptions are throughout the chapter †¢ We can begin to see the hierarchy on the ranch – introduction of Curley (p.46-48) – introduction of Slim (p.55-57) CONTRAST †¢ Introduction of Curley’s wife – important for the theme of sexist attitudes towards women? (p.53-54) Chapter Three George reveals to Slim the real reason why he and Lennie travel together. Slim realises that Lennie has the mentality of a child. George tells Slim about the supposed rape in Weed involving Lennie. Carlson bullies Candy into allowing him to shoot his ageing, smelly, rheumatic dog. George, at Lennie’s insistence, describes to him again their dream farm, and Candy who is listening in, also becomes enchanted by the idea. Curley starts a fight with Lennie and at George’s command Lennie eventually unleashes his strength and crushes Curley’s hand with ease. Slim persuades Curley that to avoid further humiliation, it would be in his best interests to pretend that his hand got caught in a machine. Key Points: †¢ Further character development of George and Lennie – reader gets more of an insight into their past together – George’s â€Å"confession† of how he used to treat Lennie ( p.65-66) †¢ Shooting of Candy’s dog – a forewarning of what is to happen to Lennie? Because the relationship between Candy and his dog could be seen as similar to George and Lennie’s. (p.70-72†¦74-76) †¢ George and Lennie realise their dream could become a reality, as Candy gets involved, and the three realise they could save the money together (p.83-89) Chapter Four All the men go into town on Saturday night except Lennie, Candy and Crooks. Crooks reluctantly allows Lennie into his room where they talk and Crooks taunts Lennie that George may not return, leaving Lennie on his own. Lennie begins to panic at this thought and Crooks is forced to apologise in an attempt to calm Lennie down. Candy joins them and he and Lennie let slip to Crooks their intention to buy a farm. They are interrupted by Curley’s wife, who is looking for company. Candy and Crooks resent her presence and when Crooks orders her out of his room, she attacks him verbally, using her superior social status as a white woman. Key Points †¢ Proper meeting of Crooks’ character – insight into life as a coloured man in 1930’s America and the hardships he has suffered. (p. 98-105) †¢ Character development of Curley’s wife – a sense of vulnerability is revealed about her as she describes how her life could have been if she wasn’t married to Curley – the grim reality of life is shown when she attacks the three men when they tell her to leave. (p.109-115) Chapter Five Most of the men are outside the barn playing at throwing horseshoes. Only Lennie is in the barn, where he has just accidentally killed his pup by stroking it too hard. Curley’s wife comes in and starts to flirt with Lennie who confesses to her his liking for stroking nice things. She invites him to stroke her long, soft hair, but as his stroking becomes harder, she panics; the harder her strokes the more she panics and in the end, Lennie accidentally breaks her neck. He half buries her body in the hay and runs off. Candy discovers Curley’s wife’s body and informs the rest of the men. Curley is furious and decides to seek revenge, organising a man-hunt to pursue and kill Lennie. Slim suggests that Curley stay with his wife, but Curley shows his true feelings for her as he is more concerned about getting revenge on Lennie that grieving for the loss of his wife. Reluctantly, George joins the hunt. Key Points: †¢ Further development of Lennie – a violent side to him which was always present is shown in the extreme, although it is made clear that Lennie meant no harm – killing the pup (p. 121) killing of Curley’s Wife (p. 127-128) †¢ CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT Curley’s Wife’s dream to become an actress, how her dream never worked out (p.124-125) – in death she appears more vulnerable and innocent, and the most positive way in which Curley’s wife is portrayed throughout the novel is in death – (p.129) †¢ Character development of Candy – the importance of the dream to him in particular is shown (p. 132) †¢ Curley’s lack of love for his wife even when she has been killed – all he thinks about is revenge (p.133, 135) Chapter Six George meets up with Lennie at the clearing where he had instructed Lennie to go in the event of any trouble. Lennie is panicking and George attempts to calm him down by telling him once again about their dream ranch. George distracts Lennie’s attention and shoots him in the back of the head with Carlson’s Luger pistol which he had stolen from the bunk house. The other men come running to where George and Lennie were on hearing the gun shot. When Carlson asks George how he killed Lennie, George replies tiredly â€Å"I just done it†. Slim kindly tells George he â€Å"hadda† kill Lennie, and the two go for a drink. The novel ends: â€Å"Curley and Carlson looked after them. And Carlson said, â€Å"Now what the hell ya suppose is eatin’ them two guys?† Key Points: †¢ The novel ends where it began – by the Salinas River with George and Lennie by the brush †¢ CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT of Lennie – for the first time, the reader gets an insight into Lennie’s mind as he hallucinates, whereas before throughout the novel Lennie appears simplistic and not much feeling is shown. (?) †¢ Lennie’s death – like Candy’s dog, but George does it himself – Candy wishes he had killed his dog himself. †¢ Bond formed between Slim and George, which, like George and Lennie’s bond, seems unusual and strange to the other men – Carlson, who perhaps has never known such a close bond between itinerant workers, says â€Å"Now what the hell ya suppose is eatin’ them two guys?† – He will never understand the close bond Slim and George now share.

Role Of Science In Our Life Philosophy Essay

Role Of Science In Our Life Philosophy Essay He was nothing, quite an ordinary thing, of no importance at all. But he had a powerful but hidden tool. With the passage of time, he gradually discovered this tool, used it and turned into the most powerful creature of this planet. Who was he? Yes! This is the story of human being. And that tool used by him is science. The word science was derived from Latin word scientia (means knowledge). Science means to observe natural phenomenon occurring around us for collecting useful information and use these information for the benefit of mankind. It is regardless of the method adopted by someone. Human being of this era making researches in scientific fields with modern methods and machines and the man centuries before, observing nature and recording results, are same. Brief history of science: It is said that many centuries ago, man started his struggle in scientific field by the act of burning at such a time when he was even not familiar to the word science. As Aristotle said, man is a thinking animal. Thus man started thinking about things around him. He derived useful results from observations and started using them to make his life facilitated. It was beginning of science. Time kept on passing. As the result of struggle made by thousands of people in science, life on Earth reached the current state. No doubt science directed this journey at every step. Human beings of all times participated in development of science. Remarkable progress was made by Greeks. They discovered many things. Muslims scientists also worked in this field for five to six hundred years. They made great discoveries. For example Jabir Bin Hayan was a great scientist of chemistry. He discovered sulphuric acid as well as nitric acid. Ibn- al-Hythem made progress in optics. While Alberooni was a great geologist. How science affected daily life? Now-a-days although it is not impossible but much difficult to imagine life without different scientific inventions. For example we need vehicles to travel, cell phone and internet to communicate and other such things. We cant live without them. Science made advancements in many fields for example. A few of them are described as follow. Positive effects: Increased average human life: In the beginning life was in danger all the time. It might be harmed by many factors. If one had been born two hundred years ago, he would have had one chance in eight of living to be one year old. He would have suffered from many diseases like small pox, measles, whooping cough, scarlet fever and diphtheria before he was twelve. Yellow fever, malaria, typhus, cholera once started, spread through a community and thousands of people were to lose their lives. Life was most uncertain. A person who used to live more than thirty to forty years was indeed lucky. It is unbelievable that such conditions existed so short a time ago. The advancements made by research in medical science minimized all such risks. Today babies are born in hospitals where there is a little chance of their getting disease. They are enabled to fight against many diseases by vaccination at early stage. Different types of supplements are used in their better growth. Purification of water and food is also an important thing introduced by science in this aspect. Besides this all, medical science discovered remedy for each disease man may suffer from. A person can expect to live to be almost seventy years old. In other words, more than thirty years have been added to normal human lifes length. Improved life standard: In the beginning man is assumed to have no sense of wearing clothes, building houses, growing crops and other such things. He used to live in caves, get eatables from surroundings. When he started thinking about everything around him (making progress in scientific field in other words), he observed different things and use them for his benefit. For example he started building houses, got sense of wearing clothes, started producing different eatables and so many other things. Later on he set rules for everyone living in one community for his welfare. Thus gradually he kept on improving his life style. Transport system: Hundreds of years ago, necessities of human beings were limited. Distance between man and his needs was not large. they were able to get everything he wanted from his surroundings. Men used animals kike horse while hunting and camels and some other animals while travelling from one place to another. It took sufficiently long time if they had to go to distant places. Person related to one another mostly used to live on a single piece of land in the form of tribes. Therefore they didnt have to go anywhere to meet their relatives. But later on, as population increased, the small pieces of land were unable to provide them with their basic needs. Therefore they had to go anywhere else in search of food and other things. At that time man needed something which could make travelling easier. In this way he struggled in this field and discovered wheel. It was a huge discovery. No one knows that who discovered it for first time but it is the fact it brought a great revolution. Later on with the invention of engine and other machines, travelling became easier. Now-a-days there are fastest automobiles and supersonic planes to serve us. And at the same time for transportation of goods, we have ships. Therefore it has become very easy to travel to far off places with as much stuff as we want. It provided a lot of facilities to importers and exporters as well. With the help of modern travelling means, a person is able to return home in the evening after doing his job for the whole day at a place hundreds of miles away from his home. Thus science lessened the distances and made life faster and faster. Communication: As described above, in the past, people related to each other used to live together in the form of tribes. They could easily convey their message to the person they wanted. With the passage of time, distances between individuals were increased. Therefore people used to look for some other means of communication. At early stages, they used light blinkers for giving message to someone in the form of code at night. For conveying message to a far off place, they used to send letters through men or birds. With the invention of loud speaker, it became very easy to address to a gigantic crowed. A remarkable advancement in this field was made by Graham Bell. He was the man who invented telephone for the first time. That device namely telephone was improved later on. It served mankind in a great way. Modern cell phones are most modified form of that device. Another device namely Radio also proved very useful in communicating many people at the same time. It was for one way communication only. Its major advantage was no use of wire in communication. Thomas was the person who invented a device called T.V. It was an awesome achievement in the history of information technology. Now people were able to enjoy both sound and picture. News paper is another source of news transmission. With the help of all these sources, current updates and a lot of entertainment is available all the time for everyone. Another huge thing in the history of telecommunication is inter-net. Internet is like an ocean o f information, people and much more. One can find answer of any question by using it. He may contact to anyone, anywhere in the world. Any type of information can be shared at any level. All of these things were achieved with the help of science. Power development: It was science who taught us how to use energy available in different forms around us. Man used to burn woods to get heat (energy). All the energy from sun was wasted. By using scientific methods, we developed different techniques to make use of energy. For example, discovery of the electric current was a great job in this aspect. Later on we discovered how to convert different type of energy into electrical energy. Now we are able to use mechanical energy, solar energy and bio mass for current production. Nuclear power plants are based upon a comparatively new technology. With the help of this we make use of huge amount of energy evolved during fission and fusion. Electric current made life much facilitated and luxurious. Besides these, running vehicles by burning fuel is also an example of using chemical energy for useful purposes. Negative effects: This is a natural thing that everything which has some advantages must necessarily have some disadvantages as well. In exactly the same way, science has some negative effects too. As said by Isaac Asimov, the saddest aspect of life right now is the science gathers knowledge faster than society gathers wisdom. Although most of them are not much prominent or easily understandable but this is the fact that science is leading this planet towards a state which is quite unpredictable. That may be horrible enough not to support life. Let us see what negative effects of science are. Youngsters, being affected by media: We used science and made a lot of progress in I.T. Now-a-days almost everyone is familiar to the television, computer, cell phone and other such appliances. Especially our young generation uses to spend most of the time in texting, chatting on internet and watching programs on T.V. These are the requirements to be fulfilled if one wants to call himself Modern. They are not aware of importance of limited time. They use to spend their time in such useless things and take it to be a source of honor. It is a kind of addiction. They cant give this up. They, living in an imaginary world, feel many difficulties in real life because real life is much different than that shown on screen. They are unable to concentrate upon their studies. Most of them are aimless. They try to follow the characters shown to them in movies, plays and video games. Sometimes its not a fair practice. They use to adopt many bad habits. This is an alarming situation. Another related effect of media is stopping youngs ters from outdoor activities. They spend most of the time in front of PCs and are losing their interest in outdoor games. This results the physical weakness as well as the feeling of loneliness. They are losing their confidence. Some of them feel shy while facing people. Thus excessive use of these useful inventions is creating a new generation with strange qualities. Development of destructive weapons: Another great misuse of science is weaponsdevelopment. Man started making weapons for hunting and defense purposes. As science raised everything, weapons also kept on being more and more harmful with the passage of time. Unaware of the results, man even made nuclear bomb for his own destruction. Mahatma Gandhi said, Science without humanity is a sin. But nuclear bomb has been handed over to wild politicians who are using it as a tool to show off their power. Bombs may blow the planet up in minutes, a few blastsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. and deep silence forever! Just imagine! Science made future of planet earth so uncertain. Pollution: Many scientific activities and appliances are participating in causing pollution. For example burning of fuel in vehicles and factories causes many harmful factors polluting environment. Most common of them are carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. Both of these are suffocating. Carbon dioxide is playing main role in global warming. Another pollutant ClCF2 was found responsible for ozone layer destruction. It is produced by air conditioners and refrigerators commonly used on earth. The polluted water from industries gets mixed with water used for drinking and causes lots of diseases. Waste materials from factories also change acidity of soil as well. Vehicles, making noise, also participate in noise pollution. Drugs: Use of science in drug development is another frightening thing. Science made drugs cheaper and thus easily available. New drugs are being introduced by using various scientific methods. Almost everyone use to smoke and snuff. Other drugs like opium and heroin are also being used frequently. All this shows that science is indeed a great power. It has magical effects. Everyone can make progress in this field. Everything around us is a mystery. We just have to reveal these secrets. As Marie Curie said, Nothing in life is to be feared, it is only to be understood. Now is the time to understand more, so that we may fearless. There is an order in occurrence of each phenomenon in the universe. As Elbert Einstein said God does not play dice with universe. We just have to understand that order. This is science. The direction of this journey must always be set by religion. Because religion allows us to take steps for human welfare only.

ARE WE JUST WHO WE ARE :: essays research papers

To consider that we as humans are born with genetic directions determining who we become in my opinion are only part of the explanation. According to the article by Tom Wolf, Edward O Wilson believed that we as humans are born with genetic instruction that requires development in order to reach a predetermined mental destiny. If this were true, this would give, if anything, an excuse to those in society, who are thought to be inferior to other races as is. This idea would basically support the notion of difference beyond cultural effects. It obviously would also put other groups such as homosexuals in a position to say that they are born a certain way and simply developed their homosexual views through society. This is what had so many different groups opposing the study according to the article. For anyone to be able to prove that there are genetic differences that make one group more or less inferior to another would be an opportunity for the human and economic majority to separate the human race even more. These supposed innate differences would be the blue print for a caste system. Just looking at America history of slavery and ethnic dominance, anyone could understand that the development of a caste system on any level would lead to a civil war on some levels. I wonder exactly what those who sponsor these studies plan to do with the information other than inform. Possibly it was a large corporation who first funded this study because they see opportunity for human control through human assignment. With this kind of situation, it would be as Huxley explained in Brave New World, mental control through predetermined beliefs and life assignments. If any race or group felt they were created for any one specific reason that seemed more or less important than another group would automatically lead to the implication of human being inferior to others. I am not sure even if it is possible how great this information would be for those who are minorities in the world. Also, what about those who are put in positioned to change their situation financially and socially? Obviously, not everyone who is born poor and so-called with little class remains in this state.

Fulfillment is Gained Through Philosophical Thought Essay -- philosoph

Fulfillment is Gained Through Philosophical Thought The ability to think philosophical is the ability to truly understand and know ones surroundings and everything that influences those surroundings to the degree that knowledge becomes the ultimate understanding and appreciation of the surroundings without question. With this ultimate understanding, a philosopher is able to appreciate life and live life to a fuller degree than the average person. Unfortunately, becoming a philosopher or even recognizing a philosopher can be difficult. Therefore, in order to live a philosophical life, one must understand what philosophy is and have a clear perception of why they desire a life as a philosopher and the hardships that ultimately coincide with it. A philosopher is a person that desires one part of something no greater than the other. He eagerly and freely tries all kinds of learning and avidly wants more knowledge at all times. Unfortunately, a â€Å"true philosopher† can be confused with a person of similar characteristics, a person of sight and sound. The true philosopher is one that searches for the truth behind something that is, unlike the person of sight and sound that only sees or hears what is and then moves on to the next thing, only viewing and listening to it and only appreciating what they can see and hear. The true philosopher searches for the eternal truth behind what is or what is not in determination of reaching the ultimate conclusion on that which is. For example, if we use beauty as a subject, a person of sight or sound would view or hear something beautiful and know it is beautiful and enjoy its beauty and that is it; they would not however search or desire the nature of beauty itself (476 b-c). This is what separates a true philosopher from a person of sight and sound. Thus, a philosopher not only enjoys the object that is beautiful, but he appreciates the meaning of beauty, comparing it to other beautiful things, desiring and embracing the ultimate nature of beauty along with the physical object that is beautiful. The understanding of this beauty as itself allows the philosopher to fully and ultimately understand, like or dislike, or question or conclude anything that he may further want to comprehend on the subject of beauty. Thus, comprehension of this sort gives the true ph ilosopher knowledge of beauty rather than simple opinion. ... ...ot want to share the philosophical knowledge that the philosopher is willing to give because of their predetermined ideas and beliefs. Unfortunately, this refusal and harshness the majority exhibit towards philosophy is caused by those outsiders, rulers and guardians of the city, who do not belong and who have abused one another by indulging in quarrels and arguments in a way that is wholly inappropriate to philosophy (500 a-c). Until the time when philosophers control the city as guardians, they will have to be careful, yet dedicated, to the task of philosophical teaching and thought. With an ultimate understanding and appreciation of the surroundings a philosopher holds as knowledge, he is able to see the truest meanings of life. Unfortunately, not being appreciated by all people and having difficult times at reaching the true understandings for some things weighs hard on a philosopher. Yet, with his courage and high-mindedness, the philosopher is able to be patient with his hardships. Eventually, while forming an understanding and knowledge of everything that surrounds him, the philosopher learns to live a life of fullness, appreciating all that is and all that might not be.

The Power of Music in James Baldwins Sonnys Blues Essay -- Sonnys B

The Power of Music in James Baldwin's Sonny's Blues At first glance, "Sonny's Blues" seems ambiguous about the relationship between music and drugs. After all, the worlds of jazz and drug addiction are historically intertwined; it could be possible that Sonny's passion for jazz is merely an excuse for his lifestyle and addiction, as the narrator believes for a time. Or perhaps the world that Sonny has entered by becoming involved in jazz is the danger- if he had not encountered jazz he wouldn't have encountered drugs either. But the clues given by the portrayals of music and what it does for other figures in the story demonstrate music's beneficial nature; music and drugs are not interdependent for Sonny. By studying the moments of music interwoven throughout the story, it can be determined that the author portrays music as a good thing, the preserver and sustainer of hope and life, and Sonny's only way out of the "deep and funky hole" of his life in Harlem, with its attendant peril of drugs (414). The story's first encounter with music is after the narrator has learned of Sonny's arrest. He is thinking about the boys he teaches, and how they could all be "sucked under" (419) just as Sonny has been. He hears their laughter in the schoolyard and notes its "mocking and insular" quality, a noise made by disillusioned youth rather than the untainted, joyous sound one expects of children (410). One boy whistles a tune, a cool and moving, complicated and simple melody, "pouring out of him as though he were a bird," and the music manages to soar above the harsh sounds of disenchantment (410). Clearly this music is joy and salvation. Because he concentrates on this simple music, one boy does not curse and den... ..., because this tale is "the only light we've got in all this darkness" (438). "Sonny's Blues" is filled with examples of music and how it makes things better. The schoolboy, the barmaid, the mother, the brother, the uncle, the street revivalists, all use music to create a moment when life isn't so ugly, even though the world still waits outside and trouble stretches above. Music and the tale it tells provide hope and joy; instead of being the instrument of Sonny's destruction, introducing him to the world of drugs, music is his way out of some of the ugliness. For Sonny and the other characters in this story, music is a bastion against the despair that pervades stunted lives; it is the light that guides them from the darkness without hope. Works Cited Baldwin, James. "Sonny's Blues." The Oxford Book of American Short Stories 1992: 409 - 439.

Merits and demerits of tylers model and skilbeck model

Curriculum development has been looked at In two ways. These are apocryphalness' and ‘product'. As the terms Imply ‘process' Is concerned with the methods means ‘how whereas the ‘product' looks at the outcomes, the end product&dhat'. There are two approaches that have been developed: normative nondestructive. The first approaches are called normative – Objectives (Tyler 1949) and the rational(Tab 1962 and Wheeler 1967) because they provide a sequence of steps. Teaches technical interests of control.The procedural approach (Statehouse 1975,Walker 1972, Skillets 1976, Olivia 1976) which is discussed later in the lecture falsetto the second category of descriptive approaches because it an interactive model. Differentiation between Process and Model:Process: Some synonyms include. Procedure, development, method, progression, practice,course of action. A process is very simply the steps from the beginning of something Its end. We have said that Curriculum De velopment is a process because It has beginning and It Is continuously changing or being developed. Model:Some synonyms: representation or reproduction. Len education when we talk about models we are talking about a diagrammaticrepresentation of something. (See Figure 5. 2 A simple Model of CurriculumDevelopment – course book). Len the curriculum development process, the term model is used to represent the different elements or stages and how they relate to one another. Models are usually abstract pr conceptual. This means that they exist In policemen's. They are very useful in the task of theory building. (Sahara: 2003: 5. 6) A continuum of Curriculum Development Models.

Stylistic Analysis

Table of circumscribe Introduction3-7 Chapter 1. Sty numerateic peculiarities of D. H. Lawrence and H. W. Longfellows rime. 7 1. 1. The phthisis of polysemanticism of the directger in colonialing with repeating in meters by D. H. Lawrence and H. W. Longfellow.. 7-12 1. 2. Lingvo- rhetorical potence of D. H. Lawrences gaints. 12-14 1. 3. The primary(prenominal)(prenominal) rhetorical-semantic receives of H. W. Longfellows rime The Song of Hiawatha (Introduction) 4-18 Chapter 2. romanticist and musical theater estimate of Robert burn down18 2. 1. origination-wide rhetorical features of R. destroys meter My vegetable marrows in the High belt downs.. 18-21 2. 2. The bolt in My philias in the Highlands21-23 Chapter 3. Lexical, syntactic communicative doer and rhetorical devices in. 24 3. 1. tender and aging by Charle Kingsley24-26 3. 2. prey a stumbleice of Sight, emerge of hear by Barnabe Googe26-28 Conclusion29-30 References31-32 IntroductionThe e tymon of the work paper is concerned with the rhetorical compend of five verse determines by versatile pens (D. H. Lawrence, H. W. Longfellow, R. fire, Ch. Kingsley, B. Googe). The issue of rhetoricals and rhetorical analysis has been extensively exa tap in recent recollective meter and the problem of rhetoricals has been a correction of regionicular(prenominal) sp be- clock metre activity. Various scientific paradigms, trends and methods of rhetoricals and literary studies know been un interrogativeable and explored in the puzzle let ons by much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) prominent scholars of pre-soviet, soviet and post-soviet lingual develops as Larin B.A. , Peshkovsky A. M. , Polivanov E. D. , Scherba L. V. , Galperin I. R. , Akhmanova O. S. , Arn gaga I. V. , Skrebnev Yu. M. , Golovin B. N. , Kukhargonnko V. A. , Morohovsky O. M. and m nigh(prenominal) unfermented(prenominal)s. Thus the landmark rhetoricals is non old b ut the sp present production lineated from ancient Greek and Roman poetics and rhetoric. ripeistic poetics is a discipline concerned with the morphologic forms of literary art, twain(prenominal) poetic and prosaic, and its signifi foundationt problem is what turns a verbal importee into a work of art 10, p. 3.The bourn rhetoricals became associated with detailed lingual criticism because, at the time it developed, the weigh of seedial mode was a contract critical concern, and linguistic analysis, each(prenominal) in both coating(predicate)ied to statistics, was pop with the much(prenominal) linguistic in everyy inclined critics. According to nigh modern scholars, it is now moved away from the report of style and towards the study of how implications and effects ar produced by literary school appropriates. Nowa sidereal days by rhetoricals the modern British linguist total heat Widdowson confine the study of literary hash protrude from a lingu istic orientation, i. . stylistics is an ara of intermediation in the midst of the devil disciplines, the two whatsoever subordinates wrangle and literature 18, p. 43. In R. de Beaugrandes dustup, stylistics applies philology to literature 2, p. 18. So, the object of stylistic analysis is manner of declareing represented in literary school texts. Stylistic analysis is a part of literary studies, of any fit linguistic description. It is practiced as a mode of down the stairsstanding the possible meanings in a text as sanitary as huskinging out the individual properties of concrete texts or text types. too you foundation read Rhetorical Devices in dark Walker by Brent StaplesIts purgetual(prenominal) aim is to clarify the gist of the formers work by vigilant nonice and consistent description of language phenomena in the text under study. through with(p) at the junction of linguistic and literary analysis the work is concerned with a number of problems of th e rimes interpretation, stylistic, linguistic and literary analysis. Although tidy amount of look into has been aband 1d to the problem of the stylistic analysis few at becharms consecrate been make to inquire aspects such(prenominal) as structural-semantic parameters of he attached verses, lexical and syntactic expressive instrument, whatever(prenominal) stylistic devices which atomic number 18 employ in these poesys. This defines the actuality of the work and its speculative measure out. The objective of the paper is to examine the linguistic, stylistic, lexical and syntactic nature of poesys, types of expressive means on the distinguishable take aims of language and their informational signifi nonifyce. The pr starness aim predetermines the concrete t invites of the inquiry. The thesis go forth cover the following research labours 1) to read such calculated com positionings as digest onts by D. H.Lawrence, The Song of Hiawatha (Introduction ) by H. W. Longfellow, My Hearts in the Highlands by R. Burns, new(a) and champion-time(a) by Ch. Kingsley, and come out of the closet of Sight, kayoed of headspring by B. Googe 2) to point out various types of syntactic and lexical-syntactic stylistic devices in them 3) to hover upon their structural, logical-semantic peculiarities and functions 4) to determine the structural, semantic types of fables, metonymies, epithets and fictions 5) to lay furiousness on the colossal number of motifs developed in numberss 6) to egest conventionalism features of poetic methods of D.H. Lawrence, H. W. Longfellow, R. Burns, Ch. Kingsley, B. Googe. 7) to endure detailed analysis of the stylistic devices employed by the poets in their verses 8) to overstep the close observation of the meanings of f both in articulates and musical phrase crews as well as of the significations of the various sentences and supra-phrasal units. So, the object of the paper is verse line by above ref erence pointed poets. The subject is the primary(prenominal) themes and stylistic peculiarities of these meters.The signifi ratts and metaphysical bottom for the attached course paper were chosen among the research flora of the established literary critics and biographers, who studied the lifespan and the app bentive features of poets legacy. Special attention was p guardianship to the book by doubting Thomas Crawford Burns. A study of the Poems and Songs, Arvin bare-assedton LongfellowHis intent and Work and separate related works. The methodic pedestal on the work became the works of Galperin I. R. , Kuch atomic number 18nko V. A. , Lototska K. materials from the Internet, assorted types of dictionaries, World Book encyclopaedia. In consent with the adjudicate and labours of the paper the following methods of probe were use spoken language definitions analysis, contextual and domineering analysis of the metrical compositions, interpretational and stylist ic analysis of the rhetorical figures for revealing the informational value of expressive means. The topicality of the research paper is determined by the necessity of systematic and resumptive comprehension of the opinion stylistic analysis.The scientific falsehoodty of the work consists in the concomitant that we exit tender with the thorough analysis of verse forms on taxonomic, content-grasping, semantic, stylistic and functional stages of investigation. Besides, we will try to investigate the use of polysemanticism of the pass raillery in cabal with repeating in such poems as Donts by D. H. Lawrence and Song of Hiawatha (Introduction) by H. W. Longfellow.From the theoretical point of view, this work presents the cosmopolitan study of lexical, syntactic expressive means and stylistic devices that makes it possible to reveal its lingvo- stylistic and functional features. So, the theoretical value of the attached research paper is ground on analysis of poets verses wh ich promote the further organic evolution of fun maamntal principles of the theory of poetry. The pragmatical value of the work lies in the fact that the results of the investigation basis be use in the courses of lectures in stylistics, seminars in style and text interpretation and a similar faecal matter be useful for practical courses of position language.The course paper consists of an psychiatric hospital, ternary chapters, conclusion and list of references. The introduction explains the topicality of the research paper, underlines its theoretical and practical value and identifies the theme, aim, tasks, object, subject, methods of investigation of the work. The get-go chapter deals with the stylistic peculiarities of D. H. Lawrence and H. W. Longfellows poetry. Mainly it is focused on the polysemantic aspect and lingvo-stylistic potential of such poems as Donts and The Song of Hiawatha (Introduction).The sanction chapter is dedicated to the detailed analysis of poem by Robert Burns which is called My Hearts in the Highlands. It involves investigation of the style, expressive means, phrase structure of the pissn poem. The deuce-ace chapter is concerned with devil poems modern and Old by Ch. Kingsley and bring out of Sight, step forward of Mind by B. Googe. immense tenseness is put on the lexical, syntactic expressive means and the stylistic devices at diametric levels. To illustrate the use of rhetorical figures these poems argon analysed, considering theoretical issues of modern Stylistics. Chapter 1 Stylistic peculiarities of D.H. Lawrence and H. W. Longfellows poetry 1. 1. The use of polysemanticism of the parole in crew with repeating in poems by D. H. Lawrence and H. W. Longfellow. The poem Donts which is under consideration was create verbally by David Herbert Richards Lawrence ? an side of meat novelist, poet, take onw unspoilt, es assureist, literary critic and painter. Although vanquish kn avouch for his novels, D. H. Lawrence wrote al close to 800 poems. His early works all the way office staff him in the school of Georgian poets. What typified the entire movement, and Lawrences poems of the time, were old-hat poetic digits and deliberately archaic language.He wrote in a actually free verse form, un holded by traditionalistic structures. over untold of his work deals with issue of the working classes, relationships between men, women and the natural solid ground. D. H. Lawrence was busyly fond of writing nearlywhat animals, perioders, and setback aspects of nature ? ordinarily in a trenchly typic manner. His poetry collections include Love Poems and divers(prenominal)s (1913), Ato a greater extents (1916), come along We induct come through (1917), Birds, Beasts and Flowers (1923), The sedate Poems of D. H. Lawrence (1928), The Complete Poems of D. H.Lawrence (1964), edited by Viviande Sola Pinto and F. warren Roberts and more(prenominal) other(prenominal)s. The po em Donts is pulld to the powers instructions, pieces of advice ruinn to a exact male child. The basic theme is the qu and so on against narrow-minded, philistine morality, stemls and hypocrisy. This theme manifests itself in virtually peculiar give voice workout which imitates self-aggrandisings explicate usage in the conversation with children. The indite foresees the insincere, artificial exhortation which a upstart male child is exit to hear from mealy-mouthed adults who demand from him to be well-behaved boy. They require that a boy ry to be a nice teentsy boy organism as impregnable as you mountain 6, p. 375. However, D. H. Lawrence insistently recommends non to listen to these pieces of advice, not to be that gloomy good child whom sanctimonious persons require to see. The causality admonishes him to fight and to be a courageous man. The tvirtuoso of the poem is interpret and contrast between the signifi sack upce of theme and parodic infantility of style creates acute satirical effect. D. H. Lawrence in his poem Donts uses polysemanticism of the word in combination with repeating and this approximates by its stylistic function to casuistry.It occurs in reference to the adjectival elflike which is used here in various variants with dissimilar intensions, furthermore, in well-nigh connotations it suppresses extensively the denotative comp angiotensin converting enzyments of meaning. That is why the notion of metre is completely in world-shattering. Due to the fact that repeat along with parodic usage of unceremonious- inner style, in particular baby-talk, ar the key stylistic devices with which we should come out analysis of the minded(p) poem. They ar various(a) by nature.Alongside with a unprejudiced repetition of dickens or more absolutely identical components mealy-mouthed, mealy-mouthed, greedy-mouthed, greedy-mouthed new repetition with some variation is introduced. such repetition is, for eccentric, greed y-mouthed as against mealy-mouthed. Similarity between mealy-mouthed and greedy-mouthed at the equi valleynt time make them be comp ard, even so variance between them supplements the characteristic of the sly, e real old hoodlum. Guite effective is partial repetition earning your keep while your life is lost 6, p. 375, where morphologic closeness translated sharper dark glasses that living and life are not the resembling(p). (translation from Russian ? M. Andrushko) 22, p. 126-127. In some d epicted objects repetition likewise undersurface not chunk with the usage of polysemanticism. Then its function is escalate or worked up or nonetheless intensifying-emotional as it is in the head start cardinal lines Fight your small fight, my boy, Fight and be a man. 6, p. 375 Semantics variations in the repetition are very(prenominal) raise for the theme of the given paragraph, i. e. the usage of assorted lexical-semantic variants which are include in the semantic structu re of one and the same word.Due to the parallel usage of the word in one context, these semantic variations stress differences in connotations. The word minuscule is used in the given poem in ii various lexical-semantic variants with antithetical connotations. In such phrases as good miniature, good petite boy, near(a) olive-sized girl, sexual go to sleep diminished plate the word smaller has one meaning and in such phrases as little fight, let in a little air, a little hole in the dedicated prison house, your own little bit, your own little cry another meaning. The usage of the word little here is guite trying.First of all, in that respect is need to resort to a dictionary to find out what in frequent is observed in the language. In the invest meaning little signifies the small size of it and is synonymic with neutral word small. In the in prescribed style of obstetrical delivery this objective-logical meaning is powerfull suppressed by its emotional meaning. So, little expresses sympathy, tenderness, com irritation and is equivalent to affectionate flyspeck suffixes of the Ukrainian language. Exactly this meaning forms the basis of the stylistic connotation of the head start assort of specimens. (translation from Russian ? M. Andrushko) 22, p. 127.It is interesting that compatibility of the word little in this meaning with the following adjectives pricy and nice is characteristic for informal speech, e modifiedly for the speech used in conversations with children. For instance, a dear little cottage, a dear little boy, a dear little kitten, a nice little wife and and so on Frequent usage of the word little go aways like affectation in the same way as in the conversational speech the misuse of petite suffixes creates an impression of insincere baby-talk. The stereotypy of those combinations used in not characteristic of direct speech depicts their pretence, falsity and insincerity.The poet mocks those spate who will tempt a y oung boy by dreams close to bourgeois welfare. It is pricey to be bumpd that the word little endure be used ironically, for mannikin, one of my little reports and even with the tone of sarcasm so thats your little plan, is it 22, p. 375. Since in the semantic structure of the word little, is include the meaning which is synonymic to the adjectives un of import, mean, paltry, so this estimation is introduced in the implication of the poem and in combination with an absurd repetition makes it grotesque.It also destroys redolence of promises virtually family happiness and comfort which are waiting for a good boy. The back up group of examples ? let in a little air, fight your little fight etc. ? belongs to the causalitys direct speech. A referee can not find here any irony, the direct meaning of a deliberate round of drinks is preserved. The repetition underlines the desire that even modest results of everyones fight for cleverness to breathe in the hole prison easier are valuable and demand for universal good. In such way this poem acquires acute social orientation.At the same time the contrast between lexical meanings of 2 lexical-semantic variants of one and the same word plays an main(prenominal) role as well. In the examined case the comparability of two variants of one and the same word occurs syntagmatically, i. e. both variants are in the text little synonymic to affectionate diminutive suffix and little with the meaning of property or significance. The back type of comparison between direct and figurative meaning occurs in the following fictions dont be be trussen to the herd inwardly the pen, money sty, holy prison.The first metaphor is the metaphor in which in the text passive one member of comparison is represented, i. e. only figurative meaning where people are resigned to their fate, to the institutionalization of D. H. Lawrence surrounding world. Those people are called ? . another(prenominal) metaphors ? money sty a nd holy prison ? luff that this institutionalization is called and . Alongside with many other stylistic devices these metaphors express very clearly the authors spatial relation towards reality. repeat can perform several functions simultaneously. In Song of Hiawatha by H. W.Longfellow repetition creates syndicate colour, song cps and underlines interrelation of separate estimates combining them in one viridity get a line Should you ask me, whence these stories? thence these legends and traditions, With the odors of the forest With the dew and damp of meadows, With the curling pasture of wigwams, With the rushing of capital rivers, With their grass repetitions, And their fantastic reverberations As of microphone boom in the mountains? I should answer, I should tell you, From the forests and the prairies, From the great lakes of the Northland, From the land of the Ojibways, From the land of the Dacotahs,From the mountains, moors, and fen-lands Where the zepn, the Shuh -shuh-gah, Feeds among the reeds and rushes. I repeat them as I heard them From the lips of Nawadaha, The musician, the sweet vocalist. Should you ask where Nawadaha strand these songs so d unmatchedery and wayward, Found these legends and traditions, I should answer, I should tell you, In the birds-nests of the forest, In the lodges of the beaver, In the hoofprint of the bison, In the eyry of the eagle 8, p. 9-10 In these first stanzas of Song of Hiawatha a reader encounters with the intersection point of stylistic devices and in the first beat with repetitions.This convergency puts him in the genre of melodic epic stylized in a spirit of indian national-poetical creativity. Repetition adds lilting and song colour to the tale and integrates the inventory of elements concerning the nature of the land. It is interesting that frequent repetitions are mentioned spiritally and are explained by the author as borrowing from the indian singer Nawadaha. D. H. Lawrence explains th e emergence of repetitions in the songs of Nawadaha as the exploit of the surrounding nature ? reverbarations/ As of wail in the mountains 8, p. . Various benevolents of repetition can be an significant means of connections deep down the text. Connection by means of pronouns has more specific meaning. In the given example connection is accomplished by anaphoric repetition of such pronouns as with, from and in unitedly with parallel constructions and some other kinds of repetitions. (translation from Russian ? M. Andrushko) 22, p. 185. Alongside with lexical synonymic repetition stories-legends, moors-fenlands here is represented purely syntactical repetition in the form of kindred parts of the sentence.To be more precise, lexical synonymical repetition is like the extension of syntactical repetition. The poem by H. W. Longfellow is called a song. However, the word song is polysemantic and the meaning implied by the author is explained by three resembling nouns stories, lege nds and traditions. The homogeneous parts of the sentence localise and details the content of the authors opinion. The type of legends and traditions mentioned in the song is explained by a set of pre adjustal phrases which starts with the preposition with.The validating question with the word whence makes us think close the sources of the song. The answer to this question is a set of similar by its syntactic function parallel constructions with anaphoric preposition from. Inside this syntactic convergence is the convergence of single-word components the forests and the prairies, from the mountains, moors and fenlands 8, p. 9. So, the usage of polysemanticism of the word in combination with repetition is very important for the right understanding of the poems content. 1. 2. Lingvo-stylistic potential of D.H. Lawrences Donts Stylistic devices and expressive means are very significant for complete understsnding and perception of the safe and sound delicious colouring of a poem. T hat is why it is worth to consider some other stylistic devices in these two poems Donts by D. H. Lawrence and The Song of Hiawatha (Introduction) by H. W. Longfellow. In the poem Donts the author imposes upon the reader his private attitude towards a young boy and people who surrounds that boy. The repetition brings the necessary verse into the utterance. at that come on are many types of repetition in this poem. The first and the al close vivid example is Fight your little fight. It is morphemic repetition which is a renewing of polyptoton, a figure found on the repetition of two or more words of the same stem (but belonging to different parts of speech or word classes within the same part of speech) 9, p. 132. Also the poem is full of lexical repetitions, especially successive or juxtaposed a good little, a good ittle, mealy-mouthed, mealy-mouthed, greedy-mouthed, greedy-mouthed, dear little, dear little, dont drink, dont drink.Apart from successive, thither is ordinary r epetitions of the word dear in the collocation with different nouns girl, mother, internal and the repetition of the word hit-hit which is invented by the author. The most interesting and effective is the repetition in good positions ? lexical anaphora which in this poem is represented by the word dont Dont be sucked in by the su-superior, dont swallow the polish bait, dont drink, dont drink and get beerier and beerier 6, p. 375 To grasp and hold the readers interest the author uses a number of epithets.Semantically they are classify into two major groups 1) Without the violation of semantic organisation a good little boy, dear little girl, dear old mother, dear little home, little wise to(p) air, own little try, convenient smack, gloss bait. each these epithets, apart from the lowest two, structurally are pair epithets. The last one is a word-epithet or simple. Also they all belong to explanatory epithets because they indicate an important features of the defined objec t. 2) With the violation of semantic agreement to the metaphoric epithets belong mealy-mouthed cowardice, florid opinions, sweet joys, dull death.Structurally they are word epithets. A significant metaphor is used in this poem dont swallow the culture bait. This is verb metaphor, where bait is nervous strain and the vehicle is food which is only implied by a reader. According to the structure this metaphor is simple. D. H. Lawrence by this stylistic device wants to say that a little boy does not believe the words of other people. bingle more special variety of metaphor is allusion. D. H. Lawrence resorts to allusion in the last line of the poem ? the rise Christ should be risen. The author makes reference to the Bible, to the religious theme.Concerning the vocabulary of the poem it is quite neutral, although some peculiar, special words occur. For example, the word lout. The origin of this word is uncertain and it has some stylistic colouring. The Oxford vocabulary gives the fo llowing definition an coarse and aggressive man or boy. another(prenominal) interesting word is suck in which is slang and means to deceive. The author also creates a new word ? hit-hit which is repeated twice. This stanzaic poem with the cross rhyme is one of the D. H. Lawrences masterpieces. 1. 3. The main stylistic-semantic features of H.W. Longfellows poem The Song of Hiawatha (Introduction) Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth (1807-1882) was the most widely published and most famed American poet of the 1800s. His reputation among critics declined sharply later on his death, and he had much less crook on modern poetry than such other poets of his day as Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson. However, many of his poems remain among the most familiar in American literature. Longfellows lift out-know longer works include Evangeline, the Song of Hiawatha, and The courting of Miles Standish.Among his popular shorter poems are The Village B pretermitsmith, The Childrens Hour, Paul Reveres Ride, The Wreck of the Hesperus, and wood shavings. Longfellows works achieved great popularity in Europe as well as in the United States. He was the first American writer to be honored in the Poets Corner of Westminster Abbey in London. 15, p. 448 The Song of Hiawatha is regarded as Henry Wadsworth Longfellows greatest, most characteristic, and most authorized epic poem. Intentionally epic in scope, it was exposit by its author as this Indian Edda.It is, from beginning to end, a calculated version of legends originating with the Algonquin family of Indians. H. W. Longfellow had taken an interest in Indians from early youth, and early organise a plan to commemorate their legends in his verse. From Schoolcraft he obtained nearly all the material utilized in the cycle he named Hiawatha. Originally his intension was to group the legends about the mythical personality of the Algonquin theology ? Manabozho. The poets imagination has invested his hero with much of the character of the strong man who bound together the most compact and efficacious league of Indian tribes. The Song of Hiawatha was begun on June 25, 1854, and its 5,314 lines were concluded on March 29, 1855. Its meter, derived from that of the great Finnish epic, the Kalevala, consists of eightsome-syllabled lines, with stresses falling on the first, third, fifth and seventh syllables. Octosyllabic verse, whether trochaic, as here, or iambic, as in Scotts Lays of the outlast Minstrel, is by far the easiest of all measures to write and the fact that The Song of Hiawatha is rimeless made the Americans task greatly easier than that of the Scotchman. H. W.Longfellow leftover a metrical pronouncing vocabulary of all the proper name calling used from the Indian languages in his poem. These show an more or less bewildering confusion of vowels, some having the lumber of French, some that of face. The name of the titular hero himself is to be pronounced as if spelled hee-ah-wah? -tha, though th e French transliteration made it Haye? nwatha, with the accent on the second syllable. The proper name calling passim are used with the rarest skill, both to give melody and variety to the verse and to loan it that more subtle quality cognize as atmosphere.The main character appears in the tales of Indians under various names. He empower with many fine features and embodied the idea of overcoming every kind of discord, rejection of strife and wars in the name of labor peace on generous ground. H. W. Longfellow is rich in some special vocabulary or different realities geographical, ethnographic, religious, mystical. Geographical realities mainly include the names of settlements, their location, characteristics of plant and wildlife and natural conditions. Using a large number of realities, indicating the birds, animals and insects, H. W.Longfellow was trying to show the diversity of nature and its inhabitants. He mentions such birds as Shuh, shuh-gah, the heron, Chetowaik, the p comer, Mahng, the loon, the wild- puss, Wawa, the cry the Mushkodasa8, p. 9-10. other special vocabulary concerns the names of nations, since each nation has evolved a way of life and culture that initially led them to division into different clans Ojibways, Dacotahs, Hurons and others. Several times the author refers to the vale of Tawasentha8, p. 10. the word vale correspond to Oxford American Dictionary is a poetic term for a valley.In the introduction a reader can also meet an archaic word ye which according to Collins Cobuild Dictionary means an old-fashioned, poetic, or religious word for you when you are lecture to more than one person. Concerning the stylistic devices, repetition is one of the most frequent stylistic means in Longfellows poem. In the poem it can be founded on all levels of language, but the most frequent used is lexical anaphora With the odors of the forest With the dew and damp of meadows, With the curling polecat of wigwams, With the rushing of gr eat rivers,With their frequent repetitions 8, p. 9 or From the forests and the prairies, From the great lakes of the Northland, From the land of the Ojibways, From the land of the Dacotahs, From the mountains, moors, and fen-lands 8, p. 9 and some others starting with prepositions from, and, by. These lines also can be characterized as parallel anaphoric syntactic constructions. Apart from lexical anaphora, the author uses distant repetition of such hrases as pleasant water-courses, to this Song of Hiawatha, morphemic repetition ? Sang the Song 8, p. 11 ? which belongs to root repetition. Affixational repetition in the line There are longings, zealouss, strivings brings the necessary rhythm into the utterance. In the same time, this line is a nice example of gradation, the type of gradation ? climax. Its function is to give a vivid emotional-evaluative characteristic of the phenomenon described. iodin more instance of gradation how he lived, and toiled, and suffered only gives so me additional emotive effect.Antonymous syntactic parallel constructions Should you ask me, I should answer form antithesis. A very nice lexical-syntactic stylistic device used in the poem is simile And the thunder in the mountains, Whose innumerable echoes Flap like eagles in their eyries 8, p. 11 It describes the nature of the valley, the weather in the mountains and this description trough using simile gives a reader the clear picture of that locality.The poem is rich in epithets among which it is worth to mention such as songs so wild and wayward(a pair metaphoric epithet), melancholy marshes(simple metaphoric), parkland and silent valley(the first is tautological, the second is metaphoric, structurally it is a pair epithet), singing pine-trees(simple, metaphoric), wondrous suffer(simple emotive proper or affectional epithet) and some others. However, the above mentioned epithets in the ruff way to subscribe the mood, feeling and emotions of the poem.The unjustified use of repetition have made The Song of Hiawatha the most parodied poem in the side of meat language, spawning more than a potassium variations, some of them as long as the received. Despite the flaws of critics, caused by H. W. Longfellows option to mimic the solemn, unrhymed tetrameter of the Finns Kalevala, The Song of Hiawatha is still widely accepted as a significant nineteenth-century American poem. Chapter 2 quixotic and quarrelal figure of Robert Burns 2. 1. General stylistic features of R. Burnss My Hearts in the Highlands Robert Burns was one of the great poets of the eighteens century and the only great poet ever to emerge from the British eclogue class11,p. 23. According to Merrian-Websters encyclopedia of literary productions, R. Burns was national poet of Scotland who wrote lyrics and songs in the frugal dialect12, p. 187. John Anderson mentions that most of Robert Burnss poetry is indite in Scotch brogue. The poet used dialect deliberately. It was not that he knew no better. You will notice that when it pleased him, he could turn out stanzas in pure English as polished and smooth as those of any classic poet13, p. 36. Burns was interested in authentic folk songs. He collected about 300 original and traditional Scots songs for books compiled in his day, including The Scots musical Museum (1787). Burns wrote many poems to be vocal to Scottish folk tunes14, p. 716. He is regarded as a pioneer of the Romantic movement, and afterward his death he became a great source of inspiration to the founders of both liberalism and socialism, and a cultural icon in Scotland and among the Scottish Diaspora around the world.His poem Auld Lang Syne is practically sung at Hogmanay (the last day of the year), and Scots Wha Hae served for a long time as an unofficial national anthem of the country. Other poems and songs of Burns that remain well known across the world forthwith include A Red, Red rose, A Mans a Man for AThat, To a biting louse, To a M ouse, The Battle of Sherramuir, tammy oShanter, and Ae Fond Kiss. However, the poem which we are going to analyse is called My Hearts in the Highlands. The title of this poem tells us quite a bit.The poet identifies a place that is important to him, and the word warmheartedness indicates a strong emotional fastening to the Highlands. The poem is lyric, in fact, a song, and the musical language expresses the emotions of the speaker. In this poem we can assume that the speaker and the poet are the same. It is a poem about Robert Burns go forth his home, the Highlands. He looks back on his life to remember all of the good times he had thither. This shows love for a place, the Highlands of Scotland and proves that R. Burns was homesick. Concerning the poetical form, R.Burns wrote four-line stanzas, called quatrains, with a very simple aabbccdd rhyme system. The metrical pattern includes an spring iambus followed by two finger feet and ends with an accented syllable. Since the fi ngers breadth feet prevail, the poem is written in dactylic tetrameter. Poets often vary the meter and feet slightly to avoid a work that sounds like a metronome. This poem has strong visual elements. R. Burns writes about the wild cervid, green valleys, and wild-hanging timber. In addition, there is an aural look-alike in the line Farewell to the torrents and loud-pouring floods1, p. 54. These images convey the poets love for the region, a love that the audience cognises. Thus, the sensory images elicit an emotional reaction. R. Burns uses repetition to great effect. not only does he repeat the first stanza as the last, which is called in stylistics lexical framing, he also repeats words Wherever I, word of farewell to the. 1, p. 254. In the third stanza the author uses repetition in strong position ? lexical anaphora Farewell to the mountains in high spirits coverd with snow Farewell to the straths and green valleys infraFarewell to the forrests and wild-hanging woods Far well to the torrents and loud-pouring floods. 1, p. 254 By using repetition, the poet makes My Hearts in the Highlands sound like a song. R. Burns also uses the devices to emphasize his ideas. The word Highlands is repeated eight times, and Farewell is repeated six times. The most repeated phrase My Hearts in the Highlands contains the most important idea in the poem. At the same time it is a very nice noun metaphor (T ? Heart, V ? implied by the author homo body or even the author himself).According to the degree of unexpectedness, it is genuine metaphor which evokes images and suggests some associations, reveals the authors emotional attitude towards the described place. Repetition creates an emotional response because the reader must(prenominal) acknowledge the splendour of the poets attachment to the place. Similarly, the poet uses parallelism, the repetition of the same grammatical form structure, to convey his message and elicit an emotional response Chasing the wild deer, and following the roe, Farewell to the Highlands, farewell to the North, Wherever I wander, wheresoever I love1, p. 54. The whole third stanza also serves as an example of parallelism. totally these repetitions add the feeling of homesickness and nostalgia in the poem. The opposite in this poem is between the Highlands and here. This opposition in stylistics is called antithesis. Since a reader do not know what kind of place here is, we imagine that it is quite the opposite of the Highlands. This establishes the wiz of sadness, the sense of feeling out of place that most people felt at some time. A significant stylistic device is redundancy the birth-place of Valour, the country of Worth.The author in such way gives proper names to his Highlands. He wants to emphasize that his country is very beautiful and he will cut down it. Usage of epithets enriches the aesthetic perception of the poem. In the poem we can find such epithets as wild-hanging woods which is compound structu rally and metaphorical semantically loud-pouring floods also compound metaphorical epithet. Wild deer, green vallies are examples of simple tautological epithets. R. Burns also resorts to using a Scottish dialect. He mentions the word Straths which means a broad mountain valley. John Anderson writes about R.Burns Burns used dialect because ? however well workd a Scotsman whitethorn be ? when he is with those he loves and trusts, he drops naturally into brogue. It is cozy, familiar speech of the homeBurns, writing for his neighbors and cronies, uses the daily speech, homelike and golden as their old clothes13, p. 336. 2. 2. The style in My Hearts in the Highlands In the poem My Hearts in the Highlands, the reflectively longing and lyrical tones reflect an inner feeling of yearning for the Highlands and a love for the land that liberates those who have been exposed to it.The vote counter consistently reminisces about his memories of the Highlands and as he does so, he explains thes e feelings in a rhythmic and melodic fashion. The feelings that the vote counter exhibits reflect the natural tendency of humankind to maintain a connection with their original homeland. The poems diction emphasizes the spillage that the Highlands provide and the fibbers feelings pertaining to his deep affection toward the Highlands. As the teller wanders end-to-end the Highlands, he ventures to places as widespread as mountains cover in snow where he chases wild deer.The Highlands are a place where one experiences freedom as tell apart by how expansive they appear. The lack of pestilential interaction and the presence of wide-open spaces allow the business relationshipteller to maintain a sense of no restrictions. As the Highlands, or the provenience of valor, are described, it is evident that the fibber is forever in love with them, and that memories of the Highlands are with him wherever the bank clerk travels. The Highlands symbolize bold dominance that has stuck wit h the narrator throughout his life.This results in the narrator feeling a close beat with the Highlands. Along with the diction, the point of view allows for observation of the various tones. The first-person point of view reinforces the feelings of wistfulness and expiration that the poem conveys. The narrator says my Heart is not here in order to convey the fact that he longs to be in his contry of Worth, or the Highlands. There is a sense of immediacy as the narrator describes his experiences roaming throughout the hills and vallyes, and his longing is directly conveyed through the first-person point of view.It is clear that, as the Highlands are described, the narrator would kind of be there than anywhere else, and the first-person point of view is in effect(p) in conveying this. The narrator says that he will think of the Highlands wherever I wander, since he claims that my hearts in the Highlands, whereer I go. The narrator is not able to let go of his patterns and feeli ngs about the Highlands when he is not there. This reflects the strong feelings that the narrator has for the Highlands and how he feels incomplete without their presence. Other things, such as the sentence structure, serve to provide a deeper meaning for the poem.The syntax in the poem moves from short phrases separated by commas, to a rhythmic and repetitive farewell, and finally to a structure that parallels the opening. Initially, the text is very ephemeral, and there is almost no defined rhythm associated with it. The narrator is incredibly attached to the Highlands, and his thoughts be almost unfocused as he continually thinks about and longs for the Highlands. This reflects how detached the narrator is to his current life and how he would alternatively be somewhere where he can live with no restrictions. In the middle, the poem gains a defined rhythm, and repetition occurs.The narrator repetitively says goodbye to the Highlands, and during this farewell, he drifts off into somewhat of a euphoric daydream. His thoughts flow freely and in a distinct rhythm. This free-thinking coincides with the freedom that the narrator feels when he is in the Highlands. In the end, the text returns to the sketch and disjointed format that it begins with. The narrator realizes that he is not physically at the Highlands, and he resumes wishing that he was. The end reflects a snap back to reality that occurs as the narrator finishes his visionary farewell.Once again, the broken-up text reflects the anxiousness that the narrator has with his current life. While the syntax serves to provide the poem with a deeper meaning, the tomography and detail expound upon the meaning is evident on the surface of the text. The poems imagery and detail reflect both the physical characteristics that make the Highlands such a special area and the deep emotional love that the narrator has for them. The Highlands are very expansive areas that span from mountains high covered with snow t o the green valleys below, and the narrator feels a connection with these areas as he a-chases the deer across the hills.The narrator feels free in an environment as widespread as this. Because of this freedom, he reaches a comfort level that is unmatched in any other respect he even feels comfortable enough to chase wild deer across the hills. The narrators passion for the country of Worth is evidenced by the fact that his heart is not here. His strong love for the Highlands makes it seem as though no other land can be compared to them. In fact, he cannot devote his unyielding love to anything other than the Highlands because no love that he has ever experient has been as strong as his love for the Highlands.The imagery, syntax, point-of-view, and diction each reflect the two original tones of the poem. Because they demonstrate that the poem exhibits a reflective longing for the past and that the text is lyrical and expressive of feelings, the styles of writing that the poem exhi bits are very effective. As in A Dictionary of English lit is said Burns is important because he deserted the artificial tradition of eighteenth-century poetry, substitute poetic diction with the pungent vernacular, glowering sentiment with true tenderness, sharms with realities. He taught the Romantics, in terminologyworths words How Verse whitethorn build a princely dejection On humble truth. To the world at large he is merely a singer of timeless song19, p. 45. Chapter 3 Lexical, syntactic, expressive means and stylistic devices in 3. 1. Young and Old by Charles Kingsley As The encyclopaedia Americana informsCharles Kingsley (1819-1875) was English clergyman, author, and teacher and a leader in social and stinting reform movementsA founder of the Christian Socialist movement, he was an active garter of the British working-class movement known as Chartism, as is demonstrated in his early novels ?Yeast (his first novel, earlier published in Frasers clip in 1848) and the pow erful Alton Locke (1850). Openly didactic, they were meant to educate the upper classes in their social responsibilities. Ch. Kingsley is best known for his later novels, which include historical romances and childrens stories. Perhaps the most popular novels were Hypatia (1853) and Westward Ho (1855)Among his works for children in The Water-Babies (1863), a fairy tale based on natural history 16, p. 420. Our task is to analyze one of the poems by Ch. Kingsley Young and Old.This poem originally appeared as a song sung by a character in the empyreals book entitled The Water-Babies. to begin with we get into the specifics of symbols I would like to tolerate upon the meter and rhyme scheme. This poem is written in an altered iambic trimester. The allowance is very slight a permutation of a single tribrachin place of the last iambic meter of every odd line. The simple rhyme scheme ababcdcdefefghgh contributes to the repose of the song and prevents the subject from feeling beside s strained by use of other unnecessarily more intricate schemes.This poem is about the dissimilarities of youth and old age. There is a certain sentimental connotation to be further explored, but the basis of the poem is rooted in the differences. In the first stanza the author addresses youth. A ready horse to carry along the boot, and the idea that every dog has his day paired on board the comments of a young world and queenly lasses provide us with a clear idea that the topic we initiate is that of youth. The line young blood must have its course, cranny, and every dog his day come across as a call to action, demanding perhaps as busier and more productive youth.Additionally, we are treated to a slue of natural imagery in the form of green trees, geese, swans, the horse etc. The allusion to a simple, natural order is a compelling one. This is continued in the second stanza, though the trees are marked as being brown, the sport of the previously accelerate and youthful life has gone stale, the sweep wheels are run down, and the sonny boy is forced to creep home and take his place among the spent and maimed occupants. The final lines provide the wish that, God willing, you are alongside the one that you love.The poem Young and Old is full of many kinds of stylistic devices. The main stylistic device used in the text under analysis is antithesis When all the world is young, lad/ When all the world is old, lad5, p. 334. The whole poem is written by means of parallel constuctions And all the trees are green And every goose a swan, lad, And every lass a queen 5, p. 334 The quatation above mentioned also is a vivid example of repetition in strong positions, viz. lexical anaphora. Another example containing anaphora And all the trees are brown And all the sport is stale, lad,And all the wheels run down 5, p. 334 Apart from lexical anaphora, there is also lexical epistrophe. In every two stanzas the word lad is repeated. A very significant stylistic device used by Ch. Kingsley is eclipsis or apokoinu And all the trees are green, And every goose is a swan, lad 5, p. 334 In the second stanza predicate is omitted but it is implied by the author. I can point out another instance of an ellipsis Young blood must have its course, lad And every must have dog his day 5, p. 334 Concerning metaphors, they are not so numerous.However, the poem contains two structurally very similar metaphors When all the world(T) is young(V) and When all the world(T) is old(V). They are, in my opinion, personal metaphor, i. e. personification. present world obtains the characteristics of human. It can be young or become old. Also these two lines are, to some extent, hyperbolized by usage of the word all. This poem was analyzed by T. Hoagwood. He shows that it is impossible for the song to be fully understood when first encountered in The Water-Babies. It is only later in the story that we recognize that the song is the old birdies lament for her son Grimes who left her.The realization at the end of the novel that Grimes is her son enables us to revisit the lyric and to revise our understanding of its latent, private, and even dark significance for the grieving old dame. 3. 2. Out of Sight, Out of Mind by Barnabe Googe One more poem which we are going to analyze is called Out of Sight, Out of Mind by Barnabe Googe. According to The Encyclopedia Americana, B. Googe (1540-1594) was English poet and translator. Googes only original work is Eglogs, Epytaphes and Sonnets, a collection of poems published in 1563. His eclogues are among the earliest examples of English pastoral poetry.He also translated into English some minor contemporary works in Latin prose17, p. 742. As a translator, Googe is notable for his English versions of Marcellus Palingeniuss Zodiake of Life (1560) and Conrad Heresbachs Four Books of agribusiness (1577). Googes reputation, which considerably declined following his death in 1594, has been revived by literary histori ans who recognize in his work transmissions of both ideas and stylistic practices that would influence such better-known English writers as Edmund Spenser, William Shakespeare, and John Milton. In Out of Sight, Out of Mind B. Googe worked with a proverbial theme.He stacks caesuras in thirteen lines of the eighteen-line poem, all of them more or less in the exact middle. Because of the repetition, these caesuras speed up the lines rather than slowing them down, hence allowing the lines from which Googe suddenly omits caesural pause ? The heavy heart breeds mine unrest, Such pleasures rife shall I obtain/ When distance doth depart us twain 4, p. 96 ? to gather greater fierceness since, on top of the newly introduced spondees and trochees, they are also made to slow down. This particular poem also demonstrates Googes stoic approach to verse as an adequate container for human feeling.He combines a monotonous rhythm and rhyme scheme with a preponderantly monosyllabic lines, pithy both i n content and length. The author uses in his poem repetition in strong position through the whole poem namely chain-repetition The oftener seen, the more I lust, The more I lust, the more I smart, The blow I smart, the more I trust, The more I trust, the heavier heart 4, p. 96 This repetition brings the necessary rhythm into the utterance. A very interesting device used in the poem is gradation. A reader can find an emotional climax that expresses the ideas in a descending order of significance The rarer seen, the les in mind, The less in mind, the lesser pain, The lesser pain, less grief I find, The lesser grief, the greater gain 4, p. 96 The leading feature of the poem is usage of comparison. I. R. Galperin in his book Stylistics states that comparison means weighing two objects belonging to one class of things with the use of establishing the degree of their sameness or difference3, p. 167. In Out of Sight, Out of Mind we also can observe comparison. It is almost in each line t he oftener/ the more, the more/ the heavier, the rarer/ the less, the lesser/the greater, the more/the happier.A device greatly favoured by the writer is irony Such pleasure rife shall I obtain When distance doth depart us twain 4, p. 96. According to Lototska K. English Stylistics mockery (from the Greek eironeia= hidden mockery) is a device based on the interaction of dictionary and contextual meanings standing in oppositionIrony is transference by contrast9, p. 86. The last two lines of the poem Out of Sight, Out of Mind is the vivid instance of irony. The whole poem is very symbolic. Even the mite means the idea that if you do not see someone or something frequently, you will forget about it.Barnabe Googe wrote poems in the inherent Tradition, a species of plain style. In this relatively early period, accents were heavy, unaccents were light, alliteration survived from old Anglo-Saxon verse, and the subject was unremarkably serious. Conclusion The general purpose of the pap er was to investigate stylistic, linguistic, lexical and syntactic peculiarities of five selected poems by different authors, to check earlier observations on the subject of stylistic analysis and to obtain new information. This course paper explored the comprehensive study of stylistic devices.Despite the fact that there are many works devoted to the problem under analysis some important aspects such as structural-semantic parameters of the poems and some lexical stylistic devices have not been fully investigated. In this work, to some extent, were used the elements of stylistics under lexico-syntactic patterns and selections, phonological, morphological and graphological devices to analyze such poems as Donts by D. H. Lawrence, The Song of Hiawatha (Introduction ) by H. W. Longfellow, My Hearts in the Highlands by R. Burns, Young and Old by Ch. Kingsley, and Out of Sight, Out of Mind by B.Googe. The introduction of stylistics in the poems, their functions and their effects have been the major focus of this research work. To make a striking impression on ones readers and stir up their emotions, nonentity else could be done to achieve this purpose than employing the right and appropriate use of language. The study revealed that poets made use of various stylistic devices in a way that interrupts the normal syntactical flow of the sentences to secure emphasis and focus the readers attention. As can be seen from the entropy, each poet uses different techniques in his poem.In Donts by D. H. Lawrence we can find polysemanticism of the words in combination with repetition, metaphors, epithets, allusion. The Song of Hiawatha by H. W. Longfellow is rich in special vocabulary and different realities. The stylistic value of R. Burnss poem My Hearts in the Highlands can not be overestimated. Ch. Kingsley and B. Googe are considered to be masters in usage of stylistic devices. Under the lexico-syntactic choices, the authors use similes, metaphors which are both rela ted to the topic of similarity to give clearness and liveliness to words.Under the phonological devices, riming scheme, consonance, assonance are found and they have been used to reinforce meaning. They also provide tone and musical colour and aid memorality. Different kinds of repetition, which is greatly favoured by the authors, and punctuation mark marks have been used to play various roles to achieve cohesion in discourse for varying stylistic effects. All of these things found out have worked together in attaining and ensuring effective meaning and communication. The choice of words by the poets also plays a very important role in meaning making.It helps the reader to understand the intention and the message the poets were trying to pass across. The obtained results give a clue to the understanding of stylistic analysis. As the previous researches on the given theme are not numerous, it is difficult to compare the findings of this research paper with the results of other study . In the course of investigation I had solid theoretical base. The inconsistency of data is probably a consequence of the lack of practical material and previous research.The problems associated with stylistic analysis and meaning of various expressive means are far from being solved and require further theoretical and experimental efforts. To sum up, different poets in their poems cultivates various styles and techniques which are worth of being studied. Each poem that was analyzed in this course paper fascinates readers by its stylistic originality. References 1. Burns R. The Poetical Works/R. Burns. ? capital of the Russian FederationRaduga Publishers, 1982. ? 705p. 2. Beaugrande, R,de. Style and Stylistics Electronic resource R. de. Beaugrande/ Mode of main coursehttp//www. beaugrande. bizland. om/proceedings. ? Last access 2012, October 25. ? Title from the screen. 3. Galperin I. R. Stylistic/ I. R. Galperin. ? Moscow high school, 1977. ? 331p. 4. Googe B. Eglogs, epytaphes, an d sonettes, 1563 / B. Googe, E. Arber. ? A. Constable and Co. , 1871. ? 128p. 5. Kingsley Ch. Poems/ Ch. Kingsley. ? Wildside Press LLC, 2007. ? 428p. 6. Lawrence D. H. The Complete Poems of D. H. Lawrence/ D. H. Lawrence. ? Wordsworth Editions, 1994. ? 352p. 7. Literature An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry and Drama/ Ed. By X. J. Kennedy and D. Gioia. ? Harper Collins, 1991. ? 3400p. 8. Longfellow H.W. The Song of Hiawatha And Other Poems/ H. W. Longfellow. ? The readers Digest Association Inc. , Pleasantville, N. Y. / Montreal, 1989. ? 350p. 9. Lototska K. English Stylistics/ K. Lototska. ? Lviv Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Publishing Centre, 2008. ? 253p. 10. Maltzev V. A. An Introduction to lingual Poetics. ? , 1980. ? 240p. 11. McGuirk C. Robert Burns and the Sentimental Era/ C. McGuirk. ? Tuchwell Press, 1985. ? 193p. 12. Merriam-Websters Encyclopedia of Literature. ? Springfield, Massachusetts Merrian-Webster, Incorporated, Publishers, 1995. 1236p. 13. St. Thom as more(prenominal) Series Prose and Poetry of England/ Ed. By J. L. Maline. ? Syracuse, New York L. W. Singer Company, 1955. ? 750p. 14. The World Book Encyclopedia. ? Chicago, IL World Book, Inc. ? 2003. ? Vol. 2. ? 760p. 15. The World Book Encyclopedia. ? Chicago, IL World Book, Inc. ? 2011. ? Vol. 12. ? 538p. 16. The Encyclopedia Americana. ? Danbury, Connecticut Grolier. ? 2001. ? Vol. 16. ? 798p. 17. The Encyclopedia Americana. ? Danbury, Connecticut Grolier. ? 2001. ? Vol. 19. ? 922p. 18. Widdowson,H. G. Stylistics and the Teaching of Literature. ? L Longman,1975. 128p. 19. A Dictionary of English Literature/ Ed. by Homer A. Walt, William W. Watt. ? New York Barnes Noble, Inc. , 1877. ? 430p. 20. Oxford American Dictionary/ New Oxford American Dictionary/Ed. By John Simpson Edmund Weiner. ? Oxford University Press, Inc. , 2005. ? 1008p. 21. Collins Cobuild English Words in Use. / Ed. By J. M. Sinclair. ? London Longman, 2008. ? 1052p. 22. ?. ?. / ?. ?. . ? , 1990. ? 3 04. 1 . According to Lototska K. English stylistics tenor is the subject of thought in a trope (in rhetoric it is also called the primum comparandum), and the vehicle is the invention of a thing, person or an snitch notion with which the tenor is compared or place (the secundum comparatum). Other terminologists distinquish between idea and image or target and source. 2 . Allusion is considered to be a special variety of metaphor by Yu. Skrebnev. Allusion (from Latin to mention inderectly) is a hint, an indirect reference to something presumably known from literature, mythology, history, the Bible. 3 . According to Lototska K. English Stylistics Gradation (Gr. ascent, climbing up) is an order of battle of parallel words and statements in an ascension or descending order of importance, intensity,etc. The first, advance order is known as climax. The opposite arrangement of parallel units, by which the thought descends from higher to lower, is called anticlimax. 4 . Simile (L atin similes= alike) is an imaginative comparison (also called literary comparison). It consists on an limpid likening of one object (the tenor) to another object (the vehicle) on the basis of some common features/characteristic (the ground).The common scheme is A is like B. 5 . Wondrous ? it is a poetic or literary word which has meaning of shake a feeling of wonder or delight. 6 . Iambus ? a metrical foot consisting of one short (or weak) syllable followed by one long (or stressed) syllable. 7 . dactyl ? a metrical foot consisting of one stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables or (in Greek and Latin) one long syllable followed by two short syllables. 8 . Antithesis ? is an opposition or contrast of ideas usually presented in parallel constructions ( in phrases within one sentence, or two or more clauses or sentences). 9 . eriphrasis (Grek to speak all round) is a figure of speech when a longer phrase with descriptive epithets, abstract general terms, etc. , is used istead of a possible shorter and plainer form of expression. 10 . tautological epithets ? became fixed through long and repeated use, they emphasize one of the primary qualities of the defined. 11 . tribrach ? is a metrical foot used in formal poetry and Greek and Latin verse. In quantative metre(such as the meter of classical verse), it consists of three short syllables in accentual-syllabic verse (such as form